<p>Mar-a-Lago is a resort and National Historic Landmark in Palm Beach, Florida, built from 1924 to 1927 by cereal-company heiress and socialite Marjorie Merriweather Post. The 126-room, 62,500-square-foot house contains the Mar-a-Lago Club, a members-only club with guest rooms, a spa, and other hotel-style amenities. It is located</p><br>
<p>on the Palm Beach barrier island, with the Atlantic Ocean to the east and Florida’s Intracoastal Waterway to the west.</p><br>
<p>At the time of her death in 1973, Post bequeathed the property to the National Park Service, hoping it could be used for state visits or as a Winter White House. However, because the costs of maintaining the property exceeded the funds provided by Post, and it was difficult to secure the facility (as it is located in the flight path of Palm Beach Airport), the property was returned to the Post Foundation by an Act of Congress in 1981.</p><br>
<p>In 1985, Mar-a-Lago was purchased by businessman Donald Trump and his then-wife Ivana Trump was put in charge of running the property. Trump retained Mar-a-Lago through his two divorces, and his family maintains private quarters in a separate, closed-off area of the house and grounds. Trump has frequently visited there, referring to it as the Winter White House and his "Southern White House". It is the 20th largest mansion in the United States.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The company identifies the name Mar-a-Lago as Spanish for "Sea-to-Lake."</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Marjorie Merriweather Post, heiress to the Post Cereals business, built the house with her husband Edward F. Hutton. She hired Marion Sims Wyeth to design it, and Joseph Urban to create interior design and exterior decorations. Post spent $7 million ($90 million today) and it was finished in 1927. Post, who died in 1973, had willed the 17 acre estate to the United States government as a Winter White House for presidents and visiting foreign dignitaries. Richard Nixon preferred the Florida White House in Key Biscayne, however, and Jimmy Carter was not interested. The federal government soon realized the immense cost of maintenance, and the difficulty maintaining security for diplomats, and returned it to the Post Foundation in 1981, which listed it for sale for $20 million. Dina Merrill and Post&#39;s two other daughters did not maintain the property, expecting to sell it, but there was so little interest that the city approved its demolition to build smaller homes. Mar-a-Lago was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1980.</p><br>
<p>Donald Trump learned about the estate after unsuccessfully trying to purchase and combine two apartments in Palm Beach for his family. According to Trump, he offered the Post family $25 million for it, but they rejected it. Trump then bid $2 million to purchase the land between Mar-a-Lago and the ocean, stating he intended to build a home that would block Mar-a-Lago&#39;s beach view. The threat caused interest in the property to decline, and Trump ended up getting the property for $7 million in 1985. He renovated the estate, adding a 20,000 ft&sup2; ballroom to the 58 bedrooms, 33 bathrooms, a 29 ft pietra dura marble top dining table, 12 fireplaces, and three bomb shelters. The club also has five clay tennis courts and a waterfront pool.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1990s, Trump faced financial difficulties. While negotiating with his bankers, he promised to divide Mar-a-Lago into smaller properties, alarming Palm Beach residents; the city council rejected his plan to do so. Trump instead turned the estate into a private club that—unlike other Palm Beach old money resorts like the Bath and Tennis Club and Everglades Club—accepted as members Jews, blacks, and, as one Everglades member said, "people who try to call attention to themselves". The new club hosted concerts by Céline Dion and Billy Joel, had beauty-pageant contestants as guests, and violated local noise ordinances. Michael Jackson and Lisa Marie Presley spent their honeymoon at Mar-a-Lago.</p><br>
<p>On April 18, 2012, the American Institute of Architects&#39; Florida Chapter ranked Mar-a-Lago fifth on its list of Florida Architecture: 100 Years. 100 Places.</p><br>
<p>Mar-a-Lago has frequently hosted the International Red Cross Ball, an annual "white tie, tails, and tiara" ball. Founded by Post, it has a history of attracting wealthy socialites and ambassadors from across the world in support of the mission of the American Red Cross.</p><br>
<h2>Trump presidency</h2><br>
<p>President Trump has referred to Mar-a-Lago as his "Winter White House" and alternately the "Southern White House". It has a Sensitive Compartmented Information Facility (SCIF) for communications with the White House Situation Room and Pentagon.</p><br>
<h3>Notable presidential visits</h3><br>
<p>Trump&#39;s first visit to Mar-a-Lago as President of the United States took place on the weekend of February 3–6, 2017. On Saturday, he hosted the Diamond Red Cross Ball at Mar-a-Lago Club, while on Sunday, he watched Super Bowl LI at Trump International Golf Club (West Palm Beach). The estimated cost (over US$3 million) of the weekend garnered some scrutiny as Trump, before being elected, had regularly criticized President Obama for taking allegedly expensive taxpayer-funded vacations.</p><br>
<p>On the weekend of February 10–12, 2017, President Trump and his wife Melania hosted Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe and his wife. This was the first use of Mar-a-Lago to entertain an international leader, and the occasion for one of his first international security crises, that of a North Korean missile launch. Trump and Abe conferred in full view of the other diners.</p><br>
<p>During the third consecutive weekend visit to Mar-a-Lago on February 17–20, Trump conducted a campaign rally at the Orlando Melbourne International Airport. He also conducted interviews for a replacement National Security Advisor and named General H. R. McMaster as Flynn&#39;s successor on February 20, 2017.</p><br>
<p>After President Trump&#39;s fourth weekend visit on March 3–5, questions were raised about the access his paying club members have to him and his entourage. A number of Democratic senators asked the President to release visitor logs of Mar-a-Lago and as well as a list of the members of the private club. Subsequently, the "Mar-a-Lago Act" was introduced, legislation requiring publication of logs of visitors at the White House and other places where the president conducts business. A lawsuit filed by a National Security Archive analyst, Kate Doyle, in conjunction with the Knight First Amendment Institute at Columbia University and CREW requested the visitor logs from Mar-a-Lago be released to the public. In July 2017 a judge ordered that these logs be released in September.</p><br>
<p>Trumps fifth presidential visit took place on March 17–18. Guests included Melanias parents, Viktor and Amalija Knavs.</p><br>
<p>During his next visit April 6–9, President Trump hosted the Chinese leader Xi Jinping for the first two days. At Mar-a-Lago the decision to strike a Syrian airfield was made. The following Easter weekend was also spent with family members at Mar-a-Lago.</p><br>
<p>On April 4, 2017, prior to President Xis visit, ShareAmerica, a Web site run by the USA Department of States Bureau of International Information Programs, published a blog post describing Mar-a-Lagos history. On April 5, 2017, the USA Embassy in the United Kingdoms website shared snippets of the original blog post on its own blog, and the USA Embassy in Albania&#39;s Facebook page shared the original post. On April 24, 2017, Democrats Senator Ron Wyden, House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi, and ethics observers like former Ambassador Norman Eisen, questioned the use of official government resources promoting a private property owned by Trump. By April 25, 2017 ShareAmerica and both USA Embassies in the United Kingdom and Albania removed their respective posts. ShareAmerica, replaced their post with the following statement, "The intention of the article was to inform the public about where the president has been hosting world leaders. We regret any misperception and have removed the post."</p><br>
<p>With the seasonal closing of Mar-a-Lago by May 14 ahead of the Atlantic hurricane season, President Trump uses Trump National Golf Club in Bedminster, New Jersey as his preferred retreat location during the Summer months (calling it his "Summer White House")</p><br>
<p>In November 2017 Trump returned to Mar-a-Lago for his first presidential Thanksgiving celebration.</p><br>
<h3>Security zone</h3><br>
<p>When the President is in residence the Palm Beach region becomes a zone of temporary flight restrictions affecting flights and air operations severely within a 30 nautical mile (55.56 km) radius. Coast Guard and Secret Service secure the two waterway approaches, ocean and lake, and Secret Service cordons off streets to Mar-a-Lago during the President&#39;s visits. By the third weekend in February 2017, nearby Palm Beach County Park Airport (Lantana Airport) had been shut down for three consecutive weekends, accumulating significant financial losses for multiple businesses.</p><br>
<h2>The Mar-a-Lago Club</h2><br>
<p>The primary business occupying the estate is the Mar-a-Lago Club, which operates as resort and hotel for dues-paying members, and rents out estate venues for private events. Membership at the Mar-a-Lago Club required a $200,000 initiation fee up until 2012 when it was lowered to $100,000. Sources close to the resort indicated the cut was in response to reduced demand following the Bernie Madoff scandal which affected many affluent Palm Beach residents. The fee was returned to $200,000 in January 2017 following the election of Donald Trump as president with $14,000 annual dues. Overnight guests pay up to $2,000 a night. According to financial disclosure forms filed by Donald Trump, the Mar-a-Lago Club realized $29.7 million in gross revenues in the period June 2015 to May 2016.</p><br>
<p>The club has nearly 500 paying members (with a cap of 500) and admits twenty to forty new members a year. Members include oil executive Bill Koch, financier Thomas Peterffy, New Jersey Democratic Party leader George Norcross, lobbyist Kenneth Duberstein, real estate developers Bruce E. Toll and Richard LeFrak, media executive Christopher Ruddy, talk show host Howie Carr, talk show host Michael Savage/s wife, and NFL coach Bill Belichick.</p><br>
<p>The club holds an annual New Year’s Eve party, described in Daily Mail by journalist and author Ronald Kessler, who has known Donald Trump for two decades: "The New Years Eve party was held in that ballroom, with almost 700 guests who paid $1,000 per couple. First came hors doeuvres and champagne on the terrace overlooking the pool, always heated to 78 degrees, like the second pool right on the ocean. Cocktail shrimp, stone crab claws, cold lobster, oysters on the half shell, sushi, and caviar dished onto blini were among the offerings. After that, the guests swanned over to the ballroom for dinner and dancing. Dinner included truffle and ricotta ravioli and filet mignon and scallops. The bubbly: from Trump&#39;s own Charlottesville, Virginia vineyard." A second article by Kessler in Daily Mail in February 2016 predicted that Trump would operate as president the way he runs Mar-a-Lago.</p><br>
<p>In "A Roadmap to Trump’s Washington", Kessler described the carrot-and-stick approach Trump used to get his Mar-a-Lago estate approved as a club by Palm Beach Town Council members and predicted he would operate in the same manner as president to win over support for his agenda. In "The Anatomy of a Trump Decision", Kessler depicted how Trump makes decisions by focusing on his decision to turn his Mar-a-Lago estate in Palm Beach into a private club.</p><br>
<p>As of February 2017, President Trump is considering at least three club members for ambassadorships.</p><br>
<p>In protest of Trump&#39;s remarks on the August 2017 Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, six nonprofit organizations canceled scheduled gala events at the club. The charities canceling included the American Red Cross and the American Cancer Society.</p><br>
<h2>Lawsuits</h2><br>
<h3>Flag litigation</h3><br>
<p>On October 3, 2006, Trump raised a 20 by American flag on an 80 ft flagpole at Mar-a-Lago. Town zoning officials asked Trump to adhere to town zoning codes that limit flagpoles to a height of 42 ft. This dispute led the town council of Palm Beach to charge Trump $1,250 for every day that the flag stayed up. Trump filed a lawsuit against the Town of Palm Beach. Trump eventually dropped his lawsuit over the flag, and in exchange the town waived its fines. As part of a court-ordered mediation, Trump was allowed to file for a permit and keep a pole that was both 10 ft shorter than the original pole and located on a different spot on his lawn. The agreement also required him to donate $100,000 to veterans’ charities, as well as resulted in a change to town ordinances allowing out-of-town enrollees in club membership.</p><br>
<h3>Discrimination</h3><br>
<p>In December 1997, Trump filed a lawsuit in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida. In his suit Trump accused the town of discriminating against Mar-a-Lago for allowing black and Jewish members, groups not typically welcome in the area&#39;s other clubs.</p><br>
<p>According to Vanity Fair, "Trump and his attorney had already implied that he and his club had been discriminated against because many of its members were Jewish, and, worse, that the council members who had placed the conditions on him had not placed those restrictions on their own clubs."</p><br>
<h3>Aviation litigation</h3><br>
<p>Trump has repeatedly filed lawsuits against Palm Beach County over aircraft going to and from Palm Beach International Airport (PBI) allegedly affecting Mar-a-Lago.</p><br>
<p>Trump first filed such a lawsuit in 1995; that action was settled in 1996, with the county agreeing to collaborate with the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and to change flight patterns so the noisiest jet aircraft flew over a wider area. As part of the settlement, Trump leased 215 acres from the county, on which he built the 18-hole Trump International Golf Club. In July 2010, Trump filed another lawsuit aiming to stop the airport from constructing a second commercial runway. That suit was dismissed.</p><br>
<p>Trump filed a third suit against the county in January 2015, seeking $100 million in damages for "creating an unreasonable amount of noise, emissions and pollutants at Mar-a-Lago".</p><br>
<p>In November 2015, a Florida Circuit Court judge ruled against most of Trump&#39;s arguments, dismissing four of the six claims and allowing the others to proceed.</p><br>
<p>The Scotia Sea is a sea located at the northern edge of the Southern Ocean at its boundary with the South Atlantic Ocean. It is bounded on the west by the Drake Passage and on the north, east, and south by the Scotia Arc, an undersea ridge and island arc system supporting various islands. The sea sits atop the Scotia Plate. It is named after the expedition ship Scotia.</p><br>
<h2>Location and description</h2><br>
<p>The Scotia Sea is the area of water between the Drake Passage, Tierra del Fuego, South Georgia, the South Sandwich Islands, the South Orkney Islands, and the Antarctic Peninsula. These island groups all sit atop the Scotia Arc, which frames the sea on the north, east, and south. The Scotia Sea covers an area around 900,000 km&sup2;. About half of the sea stands above the continental shelf.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The sea is named around 1932 after the Scotia, the expedition ship used in these waters by the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition (1902–04) under William S. Bruce. The most famous traverse of this frigid sea was made in 1916 by Sir Ernest Shackleton and five others in the adapted lifeboat James Caird when they left Elephant Island and reached South Georgia two weeks later.</p><br>
<p>In Argentina, the Scotia Sea is considered part of an area known as the Mar Argentino, and several territories claimed but not occupied by Argentina, such as South Georgia and the Falkland Islands, lie within this region.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>The islands bordering the Scotia Sea are rocky and partly covered in ice and snow year round; despite these harsh conditions, however, the islands do support vegetation and have been described as the Scotia Sea Islands tundra ecoregion, which includes South Georgia, the volcanic South Sandwich Islands, and the South Orkneys in the Scotia Sea, as well as the remote South Shetland Islands near the Antarctic Peninsula and the small isolated volcano called Bouvet Island. All these islands lie in the cold seas below the Antarctic convergence. These areas support tundra vegetation consisting of mosses, lichens, and algae, while seabirds, penguins, and seals feed in the surrounding waters.</p><br>
<p>Seabirds include four species of albatross: black-browed albatross (Diomedea melanophris), grey-headed albatross (Thalassarche chrysostoma), light-mantled albatross (Phoebetria palpebrata), and wandering albatross (Diomedea exulans). Only five species of birds remain on land on the islands, and these include an endemic race of the yellow-billed pintail duck (Anas georgica) and the endemic South Georgia pipit (Anthus antarcticus). Other birds include the southern giant petrel, with sizeable colonies on Bird Island.</p><br>
<p>Penguin species found here include large numbers of king penguins on South Georgia especially, as well as chinstrap penguin, macaroni penguin, gentoo penguin, Adelie penguin, and rockhopper penguin (Eudyptes chrysocome).</p><br>
<p>Seals include the Antarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus gazella) and sub-Antarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus tropicalis) in large numbers, leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx), Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii), the huge southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonina), and crabeater seal (Lobodon carcinophagus).</p><br>
<h2>Threats and preservation</h2><br>
<p>Although the islands have a harsh climate and have never been permanently occupied, they have long been used as a base for fishing and seal hunting. Wildlife on these remote islands is threatened by introduced species, especially on South Georgia, where even large animals, including (now removed) reindeer, have been brought to the islands. Further damage to ecosystems results from overfishing. South Georgia, the South Sandwich Islands, and Bouvet Island are protected as nature reserves, with Bird Island, South Georgia, being a site of special scientific interest. The seals are further protected by international agreements, and fur seal populations are recovering.</p><br>
<p>Tustumena Lake is a lake on the west side of the Kenai Peninsula in southcentral Alaska, within Kenai National Wildlife Refuge and near the town of Kasilof. At 73,437 acres Tustumena Lake is Alaska&#39;s eighth largest lake and the largest lake on the Kenai Peninsula. With a maximum depth of 950 feet, Tustumena Lake is exceptionally deep; it is deeper than Cook Inlet. The lake is 25 mi long and up to 6 mi wide and receives drainage from Tustumena Glacier, and several creeks. The outlet forms the headwaters of the Kasilof River. The lake and the area around it are known for game hunting, and for the Tustumena 200 Sled Dog Race. This lake has a reputation for being very dangerous to small boats due to the high winds that regularly blow off of Tustumena Glacier. Early Russian explorers wrongly believed that this lake and Skilak Lake were a single body of water. Early trophy hunters from the 1890s and later took world record moose from the north shore, and the first hunting guide to obtain a license to guide hunters in the State of Alaska called this area home.</p><br>
<p>The Banff Springs Hotel is a luxury hotel that was built during the 19th century as one of Canada&#39;s grand railway hotels, being constructed in Scottish Baronial style and located in Banff National Park, Alberta, Canada. The hotel was opened to the public on June 1, 1888. Presently, The Fairmont Banff Springs resort hotel is owned by OMERS and operated by Fairmont Hotels and Resorts of Toronto. Banff Springs Hotel is situated at an altitude of 1414 m.</p><br>
<p>The original building was designed by American architect Bruce Price. It was built between spring 1887 and spring 1888 by the Canadian Pacific Railway at the instigation of its president, William Cornelius Van Horne.</p><br>
<p>The hotel is located in the Rocky Mountains, just above the Bow Falls, close to thermal springs. The main view from the hotel is across the valley and toward Mount Rundle, which frequently is cited in geology books for its exposed and tilted ancient seabeds. The hotel is within walking distance of the resort community of Banff.</p><br>
<p>Starting in 1911, a wholly new structure was built in stages to replace the 1888 hotel. Price&#39;s Shingle style-influenced wooden structure was replaced with a new building of concrete and faced with stone. The new building was designed by another American architect, Walter S. Painter.</p><br>
<p>Halfway up the internal staircase closest to the Bow Falls is found a painting of William Davidson felling trees on the Miramichi River during colonial times. Davidson, who had grown up in Moray, close to Banff, Scotland, was the first European settler in that area of Canada. The name borne by the Canadian city and the national park is derived from his native country. The painting of the pioneer is by the war artist Cyrus Cuneo (1879–1916), who executed a series of paintings for the Canadian Pacific Railway.</p><br>
<h2>History of renovations</h2><br>
<p>The original building was quite different from the present Banff Springs structure. Variously termed a "Tudor hall" or a "Swiss chalet", the Price building was clad in shingles with stone accents and featured a profusion of dormers, turrets, and roof lines. The 1888 structure cost $250,000 and a mistake made by the builder changed the intended orientation of the building, turning its back on the mountain vista. This building included more than 100 bedrooms, centered on a five-story, octagonal rotunda. An addition in 1902 expanded and renovated the building, adding more than 200 rooms. Further additions followed.</p><br>
<p>By 1906, plans were advanced for a complete overhaul of the Banff Springs Hotel building, proposing a replacement of much of the original structure. Walter Painter, chief architect for Canadian Pacific Railway, designed an eleven-story central tower in concrete and stone, flanked by two wings. This time correctly oriented to the dramatic view, the so-called "Painter Tower" was completed in 1914 at the cost of $2 million with 300 guest rooms and, for some time, became the tallest building in Canada. Construction of new wings was delayed by World War I, and the surviving Price wings continued in service.</p><br>
<p>Further renovations designed by architect, J. W. Orrock, who continued in style originated by Painter, significantly expanded the Painter Tower, altering its roofline, and adding his substantial additions. In 1926, while work was proceeding on the new wings, a fire destroyed the remainder of the original building designed by Price. The two new wings opened in 1928.</p><br>
<p>In 1968, the building was winterised and has been open year-round since that time.</p><br>
<p>Sulphur Mountain is a mountain in Banff National Park in the Canadian Rocky Mountains overlooking the town of Banff, Alberta, Canada.</p><br>
<p>The mountain was named in 1916 for the hot springs on its lower slopes.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Two hot springs have been commercially developed. The lowest is the Cave and Basin National Historic Site and the highest is the Banff Upper Hot Springs.</p><br>
<p>A gondola on the eastern slope goes to the summit ridge which has an upper terminal containing two restaurants, a gift shop, and multiple observation decks. The summit ridge provides views both westward up and east down the Bow Valley. A boardwalk can be followed on the north side to the top of Sanson&#39;s Peak (2,256 m).</p><br>
<p>The original, and more scenic, summit access is along an old fire road (Sanson Road) on the Southwest face of the mountain with a distance of 5.8 km from the Banff Sundance Canyon trail system near the Bow River. Another 5.4 km switchback Trail route exists under the Gondola with Trail-head access from the Banff Hot Springs parking lot near the Gondola terminal.</p><br>
<h2>Scientific importance</h2><br>
<p>The mountain has been the site of two research facilities. In 1903, a meteorological observatory building was completed atop Sanson Peak. This building still exists and visitors can look through a window to see its interior complete with rustic furnishings. In the winter of 1956-57, the National Research Council built a small laboratory on Sansons Peak in order to study cosmic rays as part of Canadas contribution to the International Geophysical Year (IGY). The Sulphur Mountain Cosmic Ray Station remained in operation until 1978 and the building was removed in 1981. A plaque now marks the site&#39;s location.</p><br>
<p>The hot springs at the base of Sulphur Mountain are home to the endangered Banff Springs snail and the now-extinct Banff longnose dace.</p><br>
<p>Fort Flagler State Park is a Washington state park on the site of Fort Flagler, a former United States Army fort at the northern end of Marrowstone Island.</p><br>
<p>Fort Flagler was a Coast Artillery fort. It was established in 1897 and activated in 1899. The post was named for Brigadier General Daniel Webster Flagler, an American Civil War veteran who served as the Army&#39;s Chief of Ordnance. The fort was closed in June 1953.</p><br>
<p>From Fort Flagler State Park, visitors can see Port Townsend to the northwest, the cranes at the Navy base on Indian Island to the west, and Whidbey Island eastward across Admiralty Inlet. Flagler Road (SR 116) terminates inside the park.</p><br>
<h2>Amenities and activities</h2><br>
<p>Fort Flagler has hiking and biking trails, individual campsites suitable for cars, two group campsites, two boat launches, and several historical buildings where visitors can stay - the Hospital Stewards House, the Waterway House, and the North and South Non-Commissioned Officers Quarters.</p><br>
<p>The park&#39;s museum features exhibits about the history of the fort. Guided tours of the historic fort buildings can be arranged in advance.</p><br>
<p>From 1958 to 1989 it was home to the Seattle Youth Symphony&#39;s Pacific Northwest Music Camp and Marrowstone Music Festival every August. A film "1812 Overture" was filmed on location there in 1974.</p><br>
<p>Every August, the Kamiak Show Band holds its annual "band camp," during which band members learn new music, prepare for the upcoming marching band season, and rehearse in sessions enjoyed by members of the visiting public.</p><br>
<p>Newport High School (Bellevue, Washington) also holds a cross-country camp at Fort Flagler for one week during the summer.</p><br>
<p>Eastside Catholic High School juniors and seniors take a trip to Fort Flagler for the Destiny retreat.</p><br>
<p>Seattle Girls Choir has their annual "Choir Camp" during the first weekend in August. This is a time for all three of the upper level choirs to have intensive music instruction in an environment that is fun and enjoyable</p><br>
<p>United Methodist Youth from the Seattle/Tacoma district enjoy a weekend retreat there in mid-late fall.</p><br>
<p>The neo-pagan Aquarian Tabernacle Church performs a modern Eleusinian Mysteries play here over Easter weekend each year.</p><br>
<p>Robinson Crusoe Island , formerly known as Más a Tierra , is the second largest of the Juan Fernández Islands, situated 670 km west of San Antonio, Chile, in the South Pacific Ocean. It is the more populous of the inhabited islands in the archipelago , with most of that in the town of San Juan Bautista at Cumberland Bay on the island&#39;s north coast.</p><br>
<p>The island was home to the marooned sailor Alexander Selkirk from 1704 to 1709, and is thought to have inspired novelist Daniel Defoe&#39;s fictional Robinson Crusoe in his 1719 novel about the character. This was just one of several survival stories from the period that Defoe would have been aware of. To reflect the literary lore associated with the island and attract tourists, the Chilean government renamed the place Robinson Crusoe Island in 1966.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Robinson Crusoe Island has a mountainous and undulating terrain, formed by ancient lava flows which have built up from numerous volcanic episodes. The highest point on the island is 915 m above sea level at El Yunque. Intense erosion has resulted in the formation of steep valleys and ridges. A narrow peninsula is formed in the southwestern part of the island called Cordón Escarpado. The island of Santa Clara is located just off the southwest coast.</p><br>
<p>Robinson Crusoe Island lies to the west of the boundary between the Nazca Plate and the South American Plate, and rose from the ocean 3.8 – 4.2 million years ago. A volcanic eruption on the island was reported in 1743 from El Yunque, but this event is uncertain. On 20 February 1835, a day-long eruption began from a submarine vent 1.6 km north of Punta Bacalao. The event was quite minor—only a Volcanic Explosivity Index 1 eruption—but it produced explosions and flames that lit up the island, along with tsunamis.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>Robinson Crusoe has a subtropical climate, moderated by the cold Humboldt Current, which flows to the east of the island, and the southeast trade winds. Temperatures range from 3 &deg;C to 34 &deg;C, with an annual mean of 15.4 &deg;C. Higher elevations are generally cooler, with occasional frosts. Rainfall is greater in the winter months, and varies with elevation and exposure; elevations above 500 m experience almost daily rainfall, while the western, leeward side of the island is lower and drier.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>The Fernandezian Region is a floristic region which includes the Juan Fernández Islands archipelago. It is in the Antarctic Floristic Kingdom, but often also included within the Neotropical Kingdom. As World Biosphere Reserves since 1977, these islands have been considered of maximum scientific importance because of the endemic plant families, genera, and species of flora and fauna. Out of 211 native plant species, 132 (63%) are endemic, as well as more than 230 species of insects.</p><br>
<p>Robinson Crusoe Island has one endemic plant family, Lactoridaceae. The Magellanic penguin is also found there. The Juan Fernández firecrown is an endemic and critically endangered red hummingbird, which is best known for its needle-fine black beak and silken feather coverage. The Masatierra petrel is named after the island&#39;s former name.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The island was first named Juan Fernandez Island after Juan Fernández, a Spanish sea captain and explorer who was the first to land there in 1574. It was also known as Más a Tierra.</p><br>
<p>In 1704 the sailor Alexander Selkirk was marooned as a castaway on the island, where he lived in solitude for four years and four months. Selkirk had been gravely concerned about the seaworthiness of his ship, Cinque Ports, and declared his wish to be left on the island during a mid-voyage restocking stop. His captain, Thomas Stradling, a colleague on the voyage of privateer and explorer William Dampier, was tired of his dissent and obliged. All Selkirk had left with him was a musket, gunpowder, carpenter&#39;s tools, a knife, a Bible, and some clothing.</p><br>
<p>In an 1840 narrative, Two Years Before the Mast, Richard Henry Dana, Jr. described the port of Juan Fernandez as a young prison colony. The penal institution was soon abandoned and the island again uninhabited before a permanent colony was eventually established in the latter part of the 19th century. Joshua Slocum visited the island between 26 April and 5 May 1896, during his solo global circumnavigation on the sloop Spray. The island and its 45 inhabitants are referred to in detail in Slocum&#39;s memoir, Sailing Alone Around the World.</p><br>
<h3>World War I</h3><br>
<p>During World War I, Vice Admiral Maximilian von Spees German East Asia Squadron stopped and re-coaled at the island 26–28 October 1914, four days before the Battle of Coronel. While at the island, the admiral was unexpectedly rejoined by the armed merchant cruiser Prinz Eitel Friedrich, which he had earlier detached to attack Allied shipping in Australian waters. On 9 March 1915, the last surviving cruiser of von Spees squadron after his death at the Battle of the Falklands, returned to the island&#39;s Cumberland Bay hoping to be interned by the Chilean authorities. Caught and fired upon by a British squadron at the Battle of Más a Tierra on 14 March, the ship was scuttled by its crew.</p><br>
<h3>2010 tsunami</h3><br>
<p>On 27 February 2010 Robinson Crusoe Island was hit by a tsunami following a magnitude 8.8 earthquake. The tsunami was about 3 m high when it reached the island. Sixteen people lost their lives, and most of the coastal village of San Juan Batista was washed away. The only warning the islanders had came from a 12-year-old girl, who noticed the sudden drawback of the sea that presages the arrival of a tsunami wave and saved many of her neighbors from harm.</p><br>
<h2>Society</h2><br>
<p>Robinson Crusoe had an estimated population of 843 in 2012. Most of the island&#39;s inhabitants live in the village of San Juan Bautista on the north coast at Cumberland Bay.</p><br>
<p>Tourists number in the hundreds per year. One activity gaining popularity is scuba diving, particularly on the wreck of the German light cruiser Dresden, which was scuttled in Cumberland Bay during World War I.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Apocalypse Island, a television documentary aired by the History Channel on 3 January 2010, was filmed on Robinson Crusoe Island. It showed two rock formations that Canadian explorer Jim Turner claimed were badly degraded Mayan statues. With no other sign of any pre-Spanish human presence on the island, however, the program has been criticized as lacking in scientific credibility.</p><br>
<p>Robinson Crusoe Island may also refer to a small island and bridge (Crusoe Bridge) located near the University of Cambridge in Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom.</p><br>
<p>The East San Jose Carnegie Branch Library is a Carnegie library in San Jose, California, USA. It opened in 1908 and is the last Carnegie library in Santa Clara County still operating as a public library. It is a part of the San José Public Library.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Originally the only library in East San Jose, built for $7,000 in 1907, the library joined the City of San Jose system when East San Jose was annexed by San Jose. The original building was renovated and added to in 1981. In 1990 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Another renovation of the branch, including a 10,000 ft&sup2; addition to the original historic structure, was begun on February 14, 2008. The ribbon-cutting ceremony for the newly reopened branch took place at 11:00am on August 29, 2009. The East San Jose Carnegie Library received LEED Silver certification and the 2010 Citation Award as a Distinguished Building in the adaptive re-use/renovation project category by the Santa Clara Valley Chapter of the American Institute of Architects.</p><br>
<p>The Library features a family learning center, community room, 21 computers, many family-oriented services and special language materials.</p><br>
<p>Primrose Lake is a large lake in Saskatchewan and Alberta, Canada. The lake straddles the Alberta/Saskatchewan border, with most of the water surface in Saskatchewan. It is close to the better known Cold Lake, Alberta.</p><br>
<p>Primrose Lake has a total area of 448 km&sup2, with 444 km&sup2; water area (of which 17.7 km&sup2; in Alberta) and lies at an elevation of 559 m. It is connected to Cold Lake by the Martineau River.</p><br>
<p>Primrose Lake was used as launch site for sounding rockets of the types super Loki and Arcas in Canada at 54&deg;45&prime;N latitude, 110&deg;03&prime;W longitude, which was in use between 1970 and 1981.</p><br>
<h2>Fish Species</h2><br>
<p>The fish species include walleye, sauger, yellow perch, northern pike, lake trout, lake whitefish, cisco, white sucker, longnose sucker and burbot</p><br>
<p>Wallops Island is a 6 square miles island off the Eastern Shore of Virginia, part of the Virginia Barrier Islands that stretch along the eastern seaboard of the United States of America. It is located in Accomack County, Virginia. The island is just south of Chincoteague Island, a popular tourist destination.</p><br>
<p>Wallops Island proper, originally known as Kegotank Island, was granted to John Wallop by the Crown on April 29, 1692. Ownership was divided down through the years, until the Commonwealth of Virginia seized the property in 1876 and 1877 in lieu of unpaid taxes. From 1877, ownership was again divided and sub-divided until 1889, when it was held by various trustees for the Wallops Island Club. The Club was incorporated and assumed ownership in 1933 as the Wallops Island Association, Inc. Association members and their families spent the summers fishing and swimming on the island. The Association grazed sheep, cattle, and ponies on the area until the mid-1940s. In 1947, the USA Navy began using the upper two-thirds of the island on a lease-rental basis for aviation ordnance testing. The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (N.A.C.A.), forerunner of NASA, leased the lower 1,000 acre for rocket launching facilities.</p><br>
<p>The island is primarily used for NASA&#39;s Wallops Flight Facility, including the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport, although the name also refers to the peninsula area surrounding the island for the purpose of mailing addresses. The Wallops Island National Wildlife Refuge is located on the island.</p><br>
<p>The current population of Wallops Island (the peninsular area, not the island itself) is 434.</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>Leksa refers to the two islands in the Trondheimsleia. They are located in the municipality of Agdenes in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. Leksa is made up of the smaller north island, Nord-Leksa, and the larger south island, Sør-Leksa. The two islands have been connected by a small causeway since 1986. There are about 30 inhabitants between the two islands with about four farms still in use.</p><br>
<p>Leksa has a store and a post office, and is used as a recreational resort. There is a car ferry from Vernes to Nord-Leksa and from Garten to Nord-Leksa. The Sør-Leksa port is for express catamaran boat between Trondheim and Kristiansund. On Sør-Leksa there is a small fishing harbour with a breakwater whose construction work was finished in 1978.</p><br>
<p>During World War II there were about 300 German soldiers stationed at Leksa, and there were also 60-70 Polish and Russian prisoners of war who were imprisoned here for about 2 years. They built some fortifications here on the west side of the island at Gangstua which were called Leksa Kystbatteri. Ruins of the fortifications are still visible today.</p><br>
<p>The South Barrule  is the highest hill in the south of the Isle of Man. It has the remains of a fort on its summit, which is traditionally the home of the Manx god of the sea Mannanan beg mac y Leir. The hill is largely surrounded by conifer plantations. On the south western slope of the hill the Cringle Reservoir was formed to supply water to the southern part of the island. South Barrule&#39;s ancient name was Warfield or Wardfell.</p><br>
<p>A short, straight footpath links the summit with a small saddle known as the Round Table, through which pass the Bayr ny Skeddan walking route, the A27 Colby to Peel road and the A36 Sloc road.</p><br>
<p>There is also a North Barrule in the Isle of Man. The word Barrule (Baarool) features in the Manx national anthem, in which the Island is said to be "firm as Barrule".</p><br>
<p>Mull Hill  is a small hill at the southern end of the Isle of Man, just outside the village of Cregneash. It is the site of a chambered cairn called Mull Circle or Meayll Circle. Near the summit of the hill also lie the remains of a World War II Chain Home Low RDF station.</p><br>
<p>Mull Hill Stone Circle is a unique archaeological monument. It consists of 12 burial chambers placed in a ring, with 6 entrance passages leading into each pair of chambers. Sherds of ornate pottery, charred bones, flint tools and white quartz pebbles have been found in burial chambers. This archaeological monument was built around 3500 BC; it is a site of legends with diverse stories about haunting.</p><br>
<p>The word Meayll means "bald" in Manx Gaelic.</p><br>
<h2>Meayll Circle</h2><br>
<p>Sentinum was an ancient town currently located in the Marche region of Italy. It was situated in the low ground about a kilometre south of the present-day town of Sassoferrato. The ruins of Sentinum were partially excavated in 1890 and the results were published by T. Buccolini.</p><br>
<p>The foundations of the city walls are preserved. The city gates, a road, cisterns, and the remains of houses have been discovered. Notable cultural finds include several mosaic pavements and inscriptions of the latter half of the 3rd century AD, including three important tabulae patronatus, recording legal ratifications of civic appointments of official patrons.</p><br>
<p>The Battle of Sentinum took place nearby in 295 BC, with the Romans defeating the combined forces of the Samnites and Gauls. During the civil wars of the 40s, Sentinum sided with Mark Antony, but in 41 BC was taken and destroyed by Salvidienus Rufus leading troops of Octavian. It was planned and rebuilt, reurbanized, and continued to exist under the Empire, chartered as a municipium and (as is sometimes supposed) a colonia.</p><br>
<p>Baths (thermae) dating from the early Empire have yielded a large figured mosaic, preserved in the Museo Nazionale delle Marche. A 2nd-century colored mosaic of Mithra-Sol is conserved in the Glyptothek, Munich; Mithraic bas-relief of animals representing the stages of the initiate&#39;s progress were reused in the Church of Santa Croce, and Mithraic inscriptions are recorded.</p><br>
<p>Civic life at Sentinum seems to have collapsed at the time of the invasion of Alaric I and not to have been renewed.</p><br>
<p>The site and its environs have been excavated under the joint auspices of the University of Genoa, led by Maura Medri, and the University of Urbino under Sergio Rinaldi Tufi. The site is protected as the Archaeological park of Sentinum.</p><br>
<p>The Little Orme  is 141 m in height, and is a HuMP . It is one of two headlands situated at either end of Llandudno Bay, in Conwy County Borough, Wales. The other, larger, headland is the Great Orme.</p><br>
<h2>Uses</h2><br>
<p>Unlike the Great Orme, the Little Orme has not been developed for copper mining or tourism. There has been limestone quarrying since the mid-19th century on the Penrhyn Bay side. It was centred on Porth Dyniewyd and served by its own narrow gauge railway, but quarrying ceased in 1936. There is some farming on the lower slopes.</p><br>
<p>The cliffs are a popular challenge for highly experienced rock climbers. The Coast Guard Rescue Unit use the Little Orme for training. Otherwise, it is a popular sightseeing location and walking/hiking site.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology and environment</h2><br>
<p>Parts of the Little Orme (notably the NWWT&#39;s Rhiwledyn Nature Reserve) are a Site of Special Scientific Interest. The North Wales Bird Trust is located on its lower slopes, and the Little Orme is a warden-patrolled sanctuary for sea birds. Bird viewing around the cliffs can be facilitated by trips using small boats. Seals can be seen at what is locally called Angel Bay.</p><br>
<p>The North Wales Path runs across the Little Orme, using the several public footpaths on its summit.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Little Orme was inhabited during the Upper Paleolithic, notably the Pant y Wennol cave.</p><br>
<p>A small hoard of Iron Age Celtic metalwork was found in a cave on the Little Orme.</p><br>
<p>The medieval chapel of Blessed Mary of Penrhyn, abandoned in 1930 and now in ruins, is at the foot of the Little Orme in the grounds of Penrhyn Hall at Penrhyn Bay.</p><br>
<p>On 14 April 1587, printing material for Catholic literature was found in a cave on the Little Orme, where it had been used by the recusant Robert Pugh (squire of Penrhyn Hall) and his Chaplain Father William Davies to print Y Drych Cristianogawl (The Christian Mirror), the first book to be printed in Wales. They had taken refuge there during the persecution of Catholics instigated by Queen Elizabeth I in May 1586.</p><br>
<p>The Royal Artillery coastal gunnery school, 198 battery, was posted to Little Orme during the Second World War. Target practice was undertaken from the headland to anchored boats, and unspent ammunition and unexploded shells may still be encountered offshore. Gun emplacements and ancillary buildings were in situ until at least the early 1960s, but the site has since been &#39;landscaped&#39;.</p><br>
<p>The Mainalo , named after the mythical Maenalus, son of Lycaon, is a mountain range that spans about 15 to 20 km from north to south  and from east to west from 5 to 10 km .</p><br>
<p>Much of the area used to be covered in old-growth forests but most were burnt in 2000 and especially in September 2011.</p><br>
<p>In the medieval times and until the late-20th century, the mountain was known as Apano Chrepa. It is also a village which is located in the mountain range and dates back to the ancient times. The mountain is home to the skiing resort which is located in the middle of a mountain 20 km NW of Tripoli and 9 km SW of GR-74/GR-33, northbound. The elevation of the skiing resort is at 1,550 m. The panorama of the northern part of Arcadia and the Lyrkian mountains. There is a communications tower which broadcasts television and radio stations to Tripoli. It is located about 140 km SW of Patras, about 75 km S of Kalavryta, about 20 km SW of E65 superhighway, about 85 km (old: about 120 km SW of Corinth, 80 km W of Argos and about 90 km W of Nafplio, about 90 km (old: 100 km) ENE of Kalamata and about 140 km E of Pyrgos. The name of the mountain comes from a figure in Greek mythology. The mountain range is entirely surrounded by roads, the GR-74 runs around the Mainalo to the north and the east and a road linking Tripoli and villages W of Tripoli and to Vytina with a low speed limit is to the south and west. The western part west of Mainalo does not have much roads. The mountaintop which is also known as Ostrakia elevates at 1,860 m is in the northwest central part. Mainalo is also the tallest mountain in Arcadia. The highest mountaintop is named Profiti Ilia. The entire area is also a parkland.</p><br>
<h2>Nearest places</h2><br>
<p>Thana, SE</p><br>
<p>Tripoli, SE</p><br>
<p>Chania, ESE</p><br>
<p>Kapsas, E</p><br>
<p>Levidi, N</p><br>
<p>Vytina, NW</p><br>
<p>Magouliana, NW</p><br>
<p>Dimitsana, W</p><br>
<p>Piana, W</p><br>
<p>Zygovisti, SW</p><br>
<p>Davia, SW</p><br>
<h2>Persons</h2><br>
<p>There were also ancient Olympic gold medalists who were known to come from the settled region of Mainalos:</p><br>
<p>Androsthenes of Maenalus, won gold in 420 and 416 BC.</p><br>
<p>Euthymenes of Maenalus, won gold in 400 and 392 BC.</p><br>
<p>Sal  is an island in Cape Verde. It belongs to the northern group of islands, called Barlavento , and comprises a single administrative division, the Sal municipality. The island is home to Amílcar Cabral International Airport, the main airport of Cape Verde.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The island was discovered on December 3, 1460 and named Llana until salt deposits were found at the end of the 18th century in Pedra de Lume. In the early years, slaves grazed parts of the island, in the 17th century, free settlers took salt. Sal is the geologically oldest island in Cape Verde, formed 50 million years ago during the eruption of a volcano which is now inactive.</p><br>
<p>Salt activity did not begin until 1800. Sal at the time was the least populated island in Cape Verde, and once had around the same population as Santa Luzia. Santa Maria was founded on the south of the island in 1835 by Manuel António Martins who became governor and had the town become the islands capital. During this time the salt industry thrived, with 30,000 tons of salt being exported in the early years. Most of the salt was exported to Brazil until its nationalization in 1887, Portuguese and French salt investors resumed salt production until 1984. Three lighthouses were constructed near the islands hazardous points in the 1880s.</p><br>
<p>In 1939 Italy started constructing an airport to receive flights from Europe and South America. Construction was halted and ceased around World War II. The Portuguese bought the airport from the Italians and finished it in 1949. Planes from Italy would stop to briefly refuel before continuing their flights to various South American cities. Northeast of the airport, workers from São Nicolau Island to the west would settle a village and was named Preguiça, where the first settlers originated and the youngest urban center in Cape Verde, Palmeira was later founded and became the island&#39;s other port, not long after it became Espargos due to the asparagus plants founded there and became the main island capital as well as a commercial center, a part of the population growth was and still is attributed to arrivals from São Nicolau.</p><br>
<p>Unlike other parts of Cape Verde, famine did not devastate the island as the population was only about 500 in 1930 and it was one of few islands up to 1970 that saw its population continue to grow. Farmlands were established around 2 km northwest of Espargos in the mid 20th century. A new solar electricity station was established in 2010 and is located 1.5 km north of Santa Maria on the main road, the first and only in Cape Verde. A large growing population has now led to the division of the municipality, of which the first plan was proposed on April 7, 2014, no date of the separation has yet been set. It would form the municipalities of Espargos and Santa Maria, the municipal boundary would be marked north of Ilhéu Rabe de Junco, north of Murdeira and south of the airport, probably in the east-west line, also Nossa Senhora das Dores will exclude Santa Maria.</p><br>
<p>Hurricane Fred struck the island of Sal in late summer 2015, the hardest was on August 31, in Santa Maria, where the storm surge sunk or stranded dozens of vessels and destroyed an important tourist pier. Hotels, restaurants, and other beach facilities were flooded, and roads in the town became impassable. High winds leveled the roof of a sport center at a gymnasium which had initially been set up as a storm shelter to about 100 citizens. Elsewhere, the hurricane knocked out power to homes in Palmeira and caused minor structural damage to Sal International Airport.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The island is 35 km long and about 12 km wide. It is one of the three sandy eastern islands (Sal, Boa Vista and Maio) of the archipelago, with white sandy beaches. The island is fairly flat, with the highest elevation being 408 m at Monte Grande. Serra Negra has a height of 92 m.</p><br>
<p>Sal is one of five islands that have one or more surrounding islets, the largest being Ilhéu Rabo de Junco.</p><br>
<p>In recent years, trees started to appear in the smallest parts of the island, as of 2015, trees became dominant in most of the dry streams and within riverbeds. In the south, trees are founded particularly in resort areas. The north and the northeast remains not to be forested.</p><br>
<h3>Climate</h3><br>
<p>Sal Island has on average 350 days of sunshine a year. Winds mainly blow from the northeast. However, some days do also have clouds, but they tend to be scattered and seldom bring rain. The rainy season is from July to mid-October, although rainfall is still low.</p><br>
<p>Saline marshes can be found in the Pedra de Lume crater and north of Santa Maria.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>As of 1832, the population was estimated at 400 people. The population reached 1,000 around the early 20th century, making it the least populated island of the nine inhabited islands at the time. The population started growing at a steady pace, and in 1950 and 1960 the population more than doubled. Until 1970 the population rose more than 10% a year to 5,505. After 1970 its growth remained moderate. In 1990 another large population growth occurred which brought the population to nearly 15,000 at the end of the 20th century, and in 2010, the population reached 35,000. With population growth came the urban sprawl which creeped to east of Espargos and to the northern and western parts of Santa Maria along with hotels and villas which first began developing in 2006. The island population is now currently around 40,000 and is now the fifth most populated island in Cape Verde. In 1990, it surpassed Bravas population, and in 2000, it surpassed the neighboring São Nicolaus population.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>Sal’s main town, Cidade dos Espargos, is home to one of the nation’s international airports and has around 32,000 inhabitants. Its population grew around salt collection and later shifted to fishing, but is now based on tourism (amounting to 50% of the archipelago’s tourism) at the beach resort of Santa Maria. The living standards on the island is among the best in the Cape Verde archipelago. The island&#39;s GDP per capita as of July 2015 is roughly $7,068.00(USD).</p><br>
<p>Its airport, Amílcar Cabral International Airport, was used as a refuelling base by South African Airways on its Johannesburg to London routes. This was necessitated by the refusal of Black African states to the North to grant overflying permission and direct routing to and from Europe during apartheid. Later, flights to and from New York and Atlanta also refuelled there, and the island was a crew-change station. SAA established the long runways needed by the fully fueled Boeing 747s on their take-offs in the high temperatures. On July 1, 2006, SAA operated its final flight to Sal due to the ending of its flights to Atlanta.</p><br>
<h2>Infrastructure</h2><br>
<p>The major roads on the island are:</p><br>
<p>Santa Maria - Espargos Road</p><br>
<p>Palmeira - Espargos Road</p><br>
<p>Pedra de Lume - Espargos Road</p><br>
<p>Espargos - Reguinho Fiúra Road</p><br>
<h3>Settlements</h3><br>
<p>There are six inhabited centers:</p><br>
<p>Other inhabited settlements are:</p><br>
<h2>Sports</h2><br>
<p>Football (soccer) is the chief sports on the island. It has the Sal Regional Football Association and its main competitions are the Premier and the Second Divisions. Its main clubs are Académica do Sal, Académico do Aeroporto, Juventude and SC Santa Maria. The islands main stadium is Estádio Marcelo Leitão situated southeast of Espargoss center and all regional matches are played. Also Basketball is the second most popular on the island as well as volleyball, they are played at Polidesportivo do Sal, Académico do Sal is the island&#39;s best basketball team. Futsal is also played. Also dominant particularly in the beaches the south of the island and its surrounding waters are surfing, windsurfing and kitesurfing, recently gained for about 25 years and becoming the most dominant in the nation in windsurfing and kitesurfing.</p><br>
<h2>Twin towns - Sister cities</h2><br>
<p>Sal is twinned with:</p><br>
<p>Cascais, Portugal</p><br>
<p>Desenzano del Garda, Italy</p><br>
<p>Grottammare, Italy</p><br>
<p>South Normanton, England</p><br>
<h2>Notable residents</h2><br>
<p>Maria Alice, singer</p><br>
<p>Carlos Andrade, basketball player</p><br>
<p>Manuel de Candinho, singer</p><br>
<p>Rodirlei José Ascensão Duarte (Rody) footballer (soccer player)</p><br>
<p>Elvis Évora (Elvis), footballer</p><br>
<p>Ana Firmino, singer</p><br>
<p>Hermínia da Cruz Fortes, singer</p><br>
<p>Ildo Lobo – musician (native)</p><br>
<p>Mirri Lobo, musician</p><br>
<p>Ildo Augusto dos Santo Lopes Fortes, current bishop of Barlavento</p><br>
<p>Nelson Marcos – soccer player</p><br>
<p>Basílio Ramos, politician</p><br>
<p>Héldon Ramos (Héldon), footballer</p><br>
<p>Rúben Sança, athlete</p><br>
<p>Dona Tututa - composer and pianist</p><br>
<p>Yass-Yass, singer</p><br>
<p>2014 Cape Verde. Sal. Hund Vid Färgad Dörr.jpgA sleeping dog</p><br>
<p>2014 Cape Verde. Sal. Saltkratern (2).JPEGSalt evaporation pond in Volcanic crater (Pedra de Lume)</p><br>
<p>2014 Cape Verde. Sal. Fina Hus.jpgBuildings in Santa Maria</p><br>
<p>2014 Cape Verde. Sal. Butik.JPGA Souvenir shop in Santa Maria</p><br>
<p>2014 Cape Verde. Sal. Gata.jpgOne of the Mainstreet at Santa Maria</p><br>
<p>2014 Cape Verde. Sal. Stadsöversyn.JPGCityview over Espargos</p><br>
<p>2014 Cape Verde. Sal. Kyrka.jpgCatholic Church in Santa Maria</p><br>
<p>2014 Cape Verde. Sal. Saltkratern (1).JPEGMachinery in Volcanic crater, Pedra de Lume</p><br>
<p>Lighthouse Sal.jpgPonta do Sinó lighthouse</p><br>
<p>2014 Cape Verde. Sal. Baywatch.JPGLifeguard Tower</p><br>
<p>2014 Cape Verde. Sal. Strand.jpgSanta Maria Beach at night</p><br>
<p>2014 Cap Verde. Sal. Blue Eye.JPGCave "Blue Eye"</p><br>
<p>The Racetrack Playa, or The Racetrack, is a scenic dry lake feature with "sailing stones" that inscribe linear "racetrack" imprints. It is located above the northwestern side of Death Valley, in Death Valley National Park, Inyo County, California, USA.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Racetrack Playa is 1,132 m above sea level, and 2.8 mi long (north-south) by 1.3 mi wide (east-west). The playa is exceptionally flat and level with the northern end being only 1.5 in higher than the southern. This occurrence is due to major influx of fine-grained sediment that accumulates at the north end. The highest point surrounding the Racetrack is the 5,678 ft high Ubehebe Peak, rising 1,964 ft above the lakebed 0.85 mi to the west.</p><br>
<p>The playa is in the small Racetrack Valley endorheic basin between the Cottonwood Mountains on the east and Nelson Range to the west. During periods of heavy rain, water washes down from the Racetrack mountain area draining into the playa, forming a shallow, short-lived endorheic lake. Under the hot desert sun, the thin veneer of water quickly evaporates leaving behind a surface layer of soft slick mud. As the mud dries, it shrinks and cracks into a mosaic pattern of interlocking polygons.</p><br>
<p>The shape of the shallow hydrocarbon lake Ontario Lacus on Saturn&#39;s moon Titan has been compared to that of Racetrack Playa.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<h3>The Racetrack</h3><br>
<p>Racetrack is dry for almost the entire year and has no vegetation. When dry, its surface is covered with small but firm hexagonal mud crack polygons that are typically 3 to 4 inches (7.5 to 10 cm) in diameter and about an inch (2.5 cm) thick. The polygons form in sets of three mud cracks at 120° to each other. A few days after a precipitation event, small mud curls, otherwise known as “corn flakes” form on the playa surface. Absence of these indicates that wind or another object has scraped away the tiny mud curls.</p><br>
<p>During the bimodal rainy season (summer and especially winter) a shallow cover of water deposits a thin layer of fine mud on and between the polygons of Racetrack. Heavier winter precipitation temporarily erases them until spring when the dry conditions cause new mud cracks to form in the place of the old cracks. Sandblasting wind continually helps to round the edges of exposed polygons. Annual precipitation is 3 to 4 inches (75 to 100 mm) and ice cover can be 1 to 2.5 inches (2.5 to 6.5 cm) thick. Typically only part of the playa will flood in any given year.</p><br>
<p>The racetrack was vandalised in late 2016.</p><br>
<h3>Sailing stones</h3><br>
<p>The sailing stones are a geological phenomenon found in the Racetrack. Slabs of dolomite and syenite ranging from a few hundred grams to hundreds of kilograms inscribe visible tracks as they slide across the playa surface, without human or animal intervention. Instead, rocks move when ice sheets just a few millimeters thick start to melt during periods of light wind. These thin floating ice panels create an ice shove that moves the rocks at up to five meters per minute.</p><br>
<p>The 2017 documentary Principles of Curiosity explores as its central theme the story of how the sailing stones&#39; movement had been a mystery which came to be solved using the scientific method and critical thinking.</p><br>
<h3>Islands</h3><br>
<p>Two islands of bedrock outcrops rise dramatically above the playas surface at its northern end. The larger landmark is The Grandstand, a 73 ft high dark dolomite outcrop, rising in dramatic contrast from the bright white surface of the Racetrack. The second island&#39; feature is a smaller carbonate outcrop.</p><br>
<h2>Visiting</h2><br>
<p>Access is via Racetrack Road, reached at the Grapevine Junction near Scotty&#39;s Castle. The 28 mile rough gravel road heading south-west from Ubehebe Crater is passable with non-4WD vehicles but requires high ground clearance. It rounds the western side of the playa to a parking area with descriptive signs by the National Park Service. A bench here, placed by the Mano Seca Group, has scenic views of The Racetrack, The Grandstand, and mountain scenery.</p><br>
<p>Another access to Racetrack Playa is Lippincott pass road that enters the Racetrack valley from the south west, climbing up from Saline Valley. Lippincott Pass and the roads in Saline Valley are extremely rough and negotiable for high clearance 4WD vehicles with all-terrain tires only.</p><br>
<p>Camping, while not allowed on the playa, is available in "primitive campsite" areas to the north and south.</p><br>
<p>Visiting remote areas of Death Valley bears considerable risk. Summer temperatures can surpass 120 &deg;F, large areas are without cellphone reception, roads are treacherous and the closest gas station is in Panamint Springs.</p><br>
<p>Southern Thule is a collection of the three southernmost islands in the South Sandwich Islands: Bellingshausen, Cook, and Thule . The Southern Thule territory is claimed by Argentina and the United Kingdom. The island group is barren, windswept, bitterly cold, and uninhabited. It has an extensive exclusive economic zone rich in marine living resources managed as part of the SGSSI fisheries. The Admiralty&#39;s Antarctic Pilot says that Southern Thule is part of an old sunken volcano, and is covered with ash and penguin guano. There are seals, petrels, and a bank of kelp just offshore, especially around a small inlet on Morrell called Ferguson Bay.</p><br>
<p>The island group was first sighted in 1775 by the expedition of James Cook, who named it Southern Thule because it seemed to lie at very much the extreme end of the world (see Ultima Thule). It was further explored in 1820 by Bellingshausen who established that it consisted of three separate islands.</p><br>
<h2>Argentine occupation 1976–1982</h2><br>
<p>In November 1976, a party from the Argentine Air Force landed on Thule, and, without informing the British Government, constructed a small military base complete with barracks and a concrete helicopter landing pad. They set up a weather station, a radio station, and a flagpole from which the Argentine flag flew. All this was done at the direction of the Argentine Government in order to back up their territorial claim to the South Sandwich Islands. The base was named Corbeta Uruguay.</p><br>
<p>In December 1976 the British discovered what had happened. The Argentine action became the subject of official British protests, the first of them on 19 January 1977. In November 1977, under the name Operation Journeyman, then Prime Minister James Callaghan sent a naval taskforce consisting of the nuclear-powered submarine, two frigates, and two support vessels, in order to deter any threat to the Falklands, but ruled out using direct force to end the occupation of Southern Thule.</p><br>
<p>Arrangements to legitimise the station were discussed in 1978 but failed. More than a year went by before word of the occupation of Southern Thule leaked out to the public. Callaghan ruled out sending in the Royal Marines to end the occupation, preferring diplomacy.</p><br>
<p>The Argentine presence remained on Southern Thule until six days after the Falklands War had ended. On 20 June 1982, several British warships landed Royal Marines and the Argentine garrison, outnumbered and outgunned, surrendered and handed over their weapons.</p><br>
<h2>Aftermath</h2><br>
<p>After the surrender, Southern Thule was left deserted, but six months later, a passing British warship noticed that the Union Flag had been taken down from the flagpole at the deserted base and the flag of Argentina run up in its place. When word of this reached London, the military was ordered to destroy all buildings on Southern Thule, leaving Corbeta Uruguay unfit for prolonged habitation. By Christmas 1982, the barrack block, mess room, and meteorological station were reduced to a pile of concrete rubble, leaving only a small hut stocked with emergency supplies and the flagpole, which was last seen flying the Union Flag.</p><br>
<p>The Almolonga volcano, usually called "Cerro Quemado"  is an andesitic stratovolcano in the south-western department of Quetzaltenango in Guatemala. The volcano is located near the town of Almolonga, just south of Quetzaltenango, Guatemala&#39;s second largest city.</p><br>
<p>The volcano is set along the Zunil fault zone and has a central caldera surrounded by several dacitic and rhyolitic lava domes and formed in a back-arc volcanic setting, with activity commencing 84,000BP. Almolonga stratovolcano is the oldest edifice and underwent collapse prior to the caldera forming eruption of Lake Atitlan, the major chronological marker of volcanism in the region. The collapse of the stratovolcano left a caldera with a diameter of 3,3 km and a depth of 350m that was subsequently occupied by lava domes on its northern edge and covered by tephra layers from numerous volcanoes, both in the Almolonga field and others. Cerro Quemado is the largest (about 2 km) and youngest lava dome complex formed by eight vents with viscous lava flows and plugs during four distinct volcanic phases - the first two involving effusion of lava and formation of new domes. Cerro Quemado underwent a flank collapse 1,150BP, generating a landslide that went 6 km SSW in the Llano de Pilar valley and occupied an area of 13 km, generating a lateral blast that affected the neighbouring Volcán Siete Orejas volcano as well. A lava dome emerged inside the collapse scar subsequently. 1818 an eruption formed a block lava flow over half a year that travelled 2.5 km eastward. Lahars and further explosive activity are potential hazards from this volcano.</p><br>
<p>Augustine Volcano is a central lava dome and lava flow complex, surrounded by pyroclastic debris. It forms Augustine Island in southwestern Cook Inlet in the Kenai Peninsula Borough of southcentral coastal Alaska, 280 km southwest of Anchorage. Augustine Island has a land area of 83.872 km&sup2, while West Island, just off Augustine&#39;s western shores, has 5.142 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>The island is made up mainly of past eruption deposits. Scientists have been able to discern that past dome collapse has resulted in large avalanches.</p><br>
<h2>Description and geologic history</h2><br>
<p>The nearly circular uninhabited island formed by Augustine Volcano is 12 km (7.5 mi) wide east-west, 10 km (6 mi) north-south; a nearly symmetrical central summit peaks at altitude 4,134 ft.</p><br>
<p>Augustines summit consists of several overlapping lava dome complexes formed during many historic and prehistoric eruptions. Most of the fragmental debris exposed along its slopes comprises angular blocks of dome-rock andesite, typically of cobble to boulder size but carrying clasts as large as 4 to 8 meters (10 to 25 feet), rarely as large as 30 meters (100 ft). The surface of such deposits is skeet, a field of steep conical mounds and intervening depressions with many meters of local relief. En route to Katmai in 1913, Robert F. Griggs had briefly inferred landslide (debris avalanche) as the origin of Augustines hummocky coastal topography about Burr Point, by geomorphic analogy with the hummocky and blocky deposit of a 1912 landslide near Katmai.</p><br>
<p>The hummocky deposits on Augustines lower flanks resemble both topographically and lithologically those of the great landslide or debris avalanche that initiated the spectacular May 18, 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. The deposit of that landslide revealed the origin of coarse diamicts with hummocky topography at other strato volcanic cones. Since 1980 many hummocky coarsely fragmental deposits on Augustines lower flanks have come to be interpreted as deposits of numerous great landslides and debris avalanches.</p><br>
<h2>Eruptive activity</h2><br>
<p>A March 27, 1986 eruption deposited ash over Anchorage and disrupted air traffic in southcentral Alaska.</p><br>
<p>On January 11, 1994, Augustine erupted at 13:44 and 14:13 UTC.</p><br>
<h3>2006</h3><br>
<p>In mid-December 2005 a sulfur dioxide-laden plume of steam, hundreds of small earthquakes and a new coating of ash over its currently snow-clad peak, taken together, suggested that Augustine was building to a new eruption, likely in 2006. The eruption consisted of four "phases", continuing from December to March 2006.</p><br>
<p>The initial stage of the eruption began when microearthquake activity increased steadily from May to December 2005. At first, they started out at around 2 each day to around 15 each day. Microearthquakes are tiny earthquake that suggest a volcanic eruption could possibly occur.</p><br>
<p>The volcano erupted on January 11, 2006, entering a second "stage", which would continue until January 28. Tectonic earthquakes began early in January, resulting in an explosive Volcanic Explosivity Index 3 eruption later in that day. Several ash columns were generated, each 9 km above sea level; these plumes were steadily influenced to the north and northeast of the volcano. Samples of the tephra were dense, insinuating that the lava released was mature.</p><br>
<p>Six explosions were recorded by seismic instruments between January 13, the first of these consuming a seismograph and a CPGS located on the northwestern flank. Ash columns now reached 14 km and Kenai Peninsula residents reported ash deposits. On January 16, a new lava dome was observed on the summit; and the next day another explosive eruption sent ash 13 km into the atmosphere. This explosion created a 20-30 meter wide crater in the new lava dome.</p><br>
<p>On September 22, 2007, the Alaska Volcano Observatory reported that shallow earthquake activity had increased over the week of September 22. However, the activity was less than its level during the months leading up to the 2005-2006 eruption.</p><br>
<h2>Sensor Networks</h2><br>
<p>The Plate Boundary Observatory, operated by has a network of 10 high-precision GPS instruments on the flanks of Augustine. Activity two years ago claimed two of these sites. The Alaska Volcano Observatory also operates a number of seismometers and tiltmeters all around the volcano, including four webcams.</p><br>
<p>Merrick  is the highest mountain in the Southern Uplands of southern Scotland and is part of the Range of the Awful Hand. The line of sight from Merrick to Snowdon is theoretically the longest in the British Isles.</p><br>
<h2>Line of sight</h2><br>
<p>The 144 mile view between Merrick and Snowdon is the longest line of sight in the British Isles, but for geometrical reasons Merrick would be very difficult to observe from Snowdon.</p><br>
<h2>Granite boulders</h2><br>
<p>An interesting feature on the mountain is the presence of several large partly buried granite boulders at about 800 m on the broad west ridge. They are glacial erratics, but the exact mechanism is unclear that has brought them to rest close to the highest point of the Southern Uplands and over 200 m higher than any currently-occurring granite in the Galloway Hills.</p><br>
<h2>Walking</h2><br>
<p>The shortest route of ascent is from the car park in Glen Trool. The car park is located near Bruces Stane, a monument commemorating the victory of Robert the Bruce over the English forces of Edward II at the Battle of Glen Trool in 1307. The Merrick is a relatively straightforward and easy hill walk from the car park near Bruces Stone. The route climbs past the recently restored Culsharg bothy then up on to Benyellary. After dropping slightly the final climb to the summit trig-point is made. Be aware that if descending in poor visibility a very common mistake is to walk down the west ridge into remote terrain. The total round-trip distance from Glen Trool to the summit and back is just under 8 miles.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing</h2><br>
<p>Because of the nature of the rock no good rock climbing has been recorded on the Merrick. However, in winter after a good freeze there are a number of good ice climbs of up to 200 m on the Black Gairy, which lies west of the summit.</p><br>
<p>The undissected stratovolcano of Amukta volcano makes up most of nearly circular, 7.7-km-wide Amukta Island . It is the westernmost of the Islands of Four Mountains chain. The cone, about 5.8 km in basal diameter and topped by a 0.4 km wide summit crater, appears on synthetic-aperture radar imagery to be built upon a 300+ meter high, east-west trending arcuate ridge. Extensions of that ridge on the southwest and east sides of the island indicate an older caldera approximately 6 km in diameter and open to the sea on the south side. No hot springs or fumaroles have been reported from Amukta. Sekora  reports the presence of a cinder cone near the northeastern shore of the island.</p><br>
<h2>Volcanic activity</h2><br>
<p>Well documented reports of historical Amukta volcanism are sparse; activity was noted from 1786 to 1791, and again in 1876 (Coats, 1950). Petroff (1884, citing Grewingk, 1850) lists activity at Amukhton in 1770, presumably the same volcano; conversely, Dall (1870, citing Grewingk, 1850) describes a cessation of activity at Amukta in 1770. On February 13, 1963 an eruption occurred involving the central crater and one or more parasitic vents; both ash and lava were produced (Anchorage Times, February 11, 1963; Decker, 1967). Persistent low clouds obscured the exact source of the lava, but the flow was seen to extend from the west side of the cone southwest into the sea at Traders Cove (Bulletin of Volcanic Eruptions, 1963).</p><br>
<p>In late August and early September, 1987, a commercial pilot observed a 10.5 km high eruption plume rising through cloud cover near Amukta Island. On September 4, another pilot observed a small dark ash plume issuing from the summit of Amukta (Smithsonian Institution, 1987). On Sept. 18, yet another pilot reported a 300m-high ash plume.</p><br>
<p>In early July 1996, a passing ship reported a 1-km high plume of "ash and smoke" (Neal and McGimsey, 1997). On August 28 Mt. Cleveland, 100 km to the northeast, was also active and winds were blowing towards Amukta.</p><br>
<h2>Composition</h2><br>
<p>Igneous rocks produced by this volcano range from granite to monzonite, however the most common rock found in/around Mt. Amukta is basalt.</p><br>
<p>Ynys Llanddwyn or Llanddwyn Island is a small tidal island off the west coast of Anglesey , northwest Wales. The nearest town is Newborough.</p><br>
<h2>Geology and geography</h2><br>
<p>The island is of geological interest with pillow lava, jasper formations and aeolian sand deposits.</p><br>
<p>The island forms part of the National Nature Reserve of Newborough Warren which includes the extensive and floristically rich sand dune system.</p><br>
<p>Ynys Llanddwyn is a tidal island; it remains attached to the mainland at all but the highest tides. It provides views of Snowdonia and the Llŷn Peninsula.</p><br>
<h2>Saint Dwynwen</h2><br>
<p>The island is very rich in legends, and in particular the association with Dwynwen. The name Llanddwyn means "The church of St. Dwynwen". Dwynwen is the Welsh patron saint of lovers, making her the Welsh equivalent of St. Valentine. Her Saints day is 25 January and is often celebrated by the Welsh with cards and flowers. The island bears the ruined remains of St Dwynwens Church.</p><br>
<h2>Footpaths</h2><br>
<p>There are more than 10 mi of footpaths crossing Ynys Llanddwyn and Newborough Warren, including the Anglesey Coastal Path, and it is a very popular place to visit. The island provides a worth-while goal after the mile-long walk along the beach from the nearest car park. Ynys Llanddwyn, with the neighbouring beach, has been awarded Blue Flag beach status in recognition of the cleanliness of the sea and the beaches.</p><br>
<h2>Lighthouse</h2><br>
<p>Tŵr Mawr lighthouse marks the western entrance to the Menai Strait.</p><br>
<h2>Time line</h2><br>
<p>1873 Construction of lighthouse on Ynys Llanddwyn.</p><br>
<p>1903 Closure of the lifeboat station on Ynys Llanddwyn.</p><br>
<p>1911 RSPB Cymru opens in Llanddwyn.</p><br>
<p>3 December 1920 - Five crew members from the Rhoscolyn lifeboat are lost off Llanddwyn, Anglesey.</p><br>
<h2>Ynys Llanddwyn in film</h2><br>
<p>In 2004, Ynys Llanddwyn was used as a filming location in Demi Moore&#39;s romantic thriller Half Light. Tŵr Mawr was used as a lighthouse which plays a key role in the film. CGI was used to create the effect of a real light on top of the lighthouse.</p><br>
<p>Bryn Terfel filmed his video for Cavatina (arranged by Chris Hazell) on Ynys Llanddwyn "a very beautiful romantic place" (Bryn on BBC Breakfast)</p><br>
<p>In 2009, a scene for the Hollywood blockbuster Clash of the Titans was filmed at Llanddwyn.</p><br>
<h2>Photos of Llanddwyn</h2><br>
<p>The Morgan Library & Museum &ndash; formerly the Pierpont Morgan Library &ndash; is a museum and research library located at 225 Madison Avenue at East 36th Street in the Murray Hill neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. It was founded to house the private library of J. P. Morgan in 1906, which included manuscripts and printed books, some of them in rare bindings, as well as his collection of prints and drawings. The library was designed by Charles McKim of the firm of McKim, Mead and White and cost $1.2 million. It was made a public institution in 1924 by J. P. Morgans son John Pierpont Morgan, Jr., in accordance with his fathers will.</p><br>
<p>The building was designated a New York City landmark in 1966 and was declared a National Historic Landmark later that same year.</p><br>
<h2>Collection</h2><br>
<p>Today the library is a complex of buildings which serve as a museum and scholarly research center. The scope of the collection was shaped in its early years as a private collection by Belle da Costa Greene, J.P. Morgans personal librarian, who became the librarys first director and served from the time that it became public until her retirement in 1948. Her successor Frederick Baldwin Adams, Jr. managed the Library until 1969 and was also world-renowned for his own personal collections. The most internationally significant part of the collection is its relatively small but very select collection of illuminated manuscripts, and medieval artworks such as the Stavelot Triptych and the metalwork covers of the Lindau Gospels. Among the more famous manuscripts are the Morgan Bible, Morgan Beatus, Hours of Catherine of Cleves, Farnese Hours, Morgan Black Hours, and Codex Glazier. The manuscript collection also includes authors original manuscripts, including some by Sir Walter Scott and Honoré de Balzac, as well as the scraps of paper on which Bob Dylan jotted down "Blowin in the Wind" and "It Ain&#39;t Me Babe".</p><br>
<p>It also contains a large collection of incunabula, prints, and drawings of European artists—Leonardo, Michelangelo, Raphael, Rembrandt, Rubens, Gainsborough, Dürer, and Picasso; early printed Bibles, among them three Gutenberg Bibles; and many examples of fine bookbinding. Other holdings include material from ancient Egypt and medieval liturgical objects (including Coptic literature examples), Émile Zola, William Blakes original drawings for his edition of the Book of Job; concept drawings for The Little Prince by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry; a Percy Bysshe Shelley notebook; originals of poems by Robert Burns; a unique Charles Dickens manuscript of A Christmas Carol with handwritten edits and markup from the author; a journal by Henry David Thoreau; an extraordinary collection of autographed and annotated libretti and scores from Beethoven, Brahms, Chopin, Mahler and Verdi, and Mozarts Haffner Symphony in D Major; and manuscripts of George Sand, William Makepeace Thackeray, Lord Byron, Charlotte Brontë and nine of Sir Walter Scotts novels, including Ivanhoe. The collection still includes a few Old Master paintings collected by Morgan between 1907 and 1911 (works by Hans Memling, Perugino, and Cima da Conegliano), but this has never been the collections focus, and Ghirlandaios masterpiece Portrait of Giovanna Tornabuoni was sold to Thyssen when the Great Depression worsened the Morgan familys finances.</p><br>
<p>Other notable artists of the Morgan Library and Museum are Jean de Brunhoff, Paul Cézanne, Vincent van Gogh, John Leech, Gaston Phoebus, Rembrandt van Rijn, and John Ruskin.</p><br>
<p>The Morgan has one of the world&#39;s greatest collections of ancient Near Eastern cylinder seals, small stone cylinders finely engraved with images for transfer to clay by rolling. It also contains many music manuscripts and a considerable collection of Victoriana, including one of the most important collections of Gilbert and Sullivan manuscripts and related artifacts.</p><br>
<p>Of interest to Australians is a copy of the letter written by Andrea Corsali from India in 1516. This letter, one of five in existence, contains the first description of the Southern Cross which is also illustrated by Corsali in this letter and which was also named "croce" by him. One other copy of the letter is in the British Museum and two are in Australia. The fifth is in the Library of Princeton University. The letter is also readily available in Ramusio&#39;s Viaggi, a compendium of letters of exploration, published in Venice in three volumes from 1555 on.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The first building constructed to house Morgans library &ndash; the "McKim Building" &ndash; was designed in the Classical Revival style by Charles Follen McKim of the noted firm of McKim, Mead & White in 1903. Morgan also commissioned a house to be built for his daughter a block away at the same time. It is located at 33 East 36th Street, which was at the time just to the east of Morgans residence, a brownstone house at 219 Madison Avenue built in 1880. McKim took his inspiration from the Villa Giulia and its Nymphaeum. Also in the entrance are roundels and panels by Andrew O&#39;Connor and Adolph Weinman.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the building is richly decorated, with a polychrome rotunda which leads to three public rooms, which were originally Morgans private study, the librarians office, and the library itself. The rotunda itself has a domed ceiling with murals and plasterwork inspired by Raphael, created by H. Siddons Mowbray. Morgan&#39;s study, now the West Library, has been called "one of the greatest achievements of American interior decoration," while the East Library features triple-tiers of bookcases.</p><br>
<p>Morgans residence was torn down in 1928, after his death, to be replaced by an annex building which featured an exhibition hall and a reading room, designed by Benjamin Wistar Morris to harmonize with McKims original.</p><br>
<p>The remaining Italianate brownstone house in the library complex is 231 Madison Avenue, on the corner of East 37th Street. This house was built by Isaac Newton Phelps who bequeathed it to his daughter, Helen Stokes, wife of Anson Phelps Stokes. She extended the building, doubling the size and adding an additional attic floor (architect R. H. Robertson). Their son, architect Isaac Newton Phelps Stokes, was born in the house on April 11, 1867. The house was purchased by J. P. Morgan in 1904. It served as the home of his heir J. P. Morgan Jr. from 1905 to 1943.</p><br>
<h3>2006 renovation</h3><br>
<p>The most recent addition to the library is a modernist entrance building designed by Italian architect Renzo Piano &ndash; his New York City debut &ndash; and Beyer Blinder Belle, which was completed in 2006. Although externally "bland", the building helps to organize the interior spaces of the complex.</p><br>
<p>The Library was closed during the construction and expansion. In the interim it sponsored numerous traveling exhibitions around the country. When the work was completed, it reopened on April 29, 2006 as the Morgan Library & Museum. With the expansion above and below street level, the Morgans exhibition space had been doubled; Piano set its new reading room under a translucent roof structure, to allow scholars to examine manuscripts in natural light. Pianos four-story steel-and-glass atrium links McKims library building and the Morgan house in a new ensemble. Added storage facilities were obtained by drilling into Manhattans bedrock schist.</p><br>
<h2>Management</h2><br>
<p>Between 1987 and 2008, Charles E. Pierce Jr. served as director of what was then known as the Pierpont Morgan Library. During his tenure at the Morgan Library and Museum between 2008 and 2015, director William M. Griswold spearheaded the growth of its collections, exhibition programs and curatorial departments, adding a photography curator in 2013, a first for the institution. In an effort to reach a younger audience, he also presented many contemporary-art exhibitions and installed temporary sculpture in its atrium. In 2015, the Morgan named Colin Bailey as its new director.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Some of E. L. Doctorow&#39;s Ragtime is set in the newly renovated Morgan Library.</p><br>
<p>In the Broadway musical Ragtime, based on Doctorow&#39;s book, the library is the location for the final scenes of the play.</p><br>
<p>North Berwick Law is a conical hill which rises conspicuously from the surrounding landscape . It overlooks the East Lothian town of North Berwick and stands at 613 ft  above sea level.</p><br>
<p>Geologically, the law is a volcanic plug of hard phonolitic trachyte rock of Carboniferous (Dinantian) age. It has survived the scraping glaciers of the ice age. It is a crag and tail with a prominent tail extending eastwards.</p><br>
<p>The summit bears remnants of an Iron Age hill fort, and the ruins of later military buildings that were once used by lookouts in both the Napoleonic Wars, and in World War II.</p><br>
<p>The famous whale&#39;s jawbone collapsed in June 2005 after rotting away, and was removed by helicopter, much to the surprise of North Berwick residents. A jawbone has stood there since 1709, the last one having been there since 1933.</p><br>
<p>On 26 June 2008, a fibreglass replica whale bone, the same size as the one that was removed in 2005, was airlifted into place to give North Berwick Law back its famous landmark. The funding for the replica was donated by an anonymous friend of North Berwick.</p><br>
<p>Agios Ioannis Rentis  is a suburb and a former municipality in the western part of the Athens agglomeration, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Nikaia-Agios Ioannis Rentis, of which it is a municipal unit.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Agios Ioannis Rentis is an Piraeus suberb, located about 5 km west of central Athens and 3 km northeast of Piraeus. The municipal unit has an area of 4.524 km. The small river Cephissus runs through it. Two important transport axes pass through the municipality: Motorway 1 (Athens- Thessaloniki) and the Piraeus–Platy railway, on which it has a passenger station (Rentis) and a large marshalling yard. The Olympiakos FC training center is in this area.There is also the Olympiacos Volleyball stadium that stands nearby.</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<h2>International relations</h2><br>
<p>Agios Ioannis Rentis is twinned with Kadıköy, Turkey, since 2003.</p><br>
<p>Miyake-jima is an inhabited volcanic island in the Izu archipelago in the Philippine Sea approximately 180 km southeast of Honshu, Japan. As with the other islands in the Izu Island group, Miyake-jima forms part of the Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The island is a stratovolcano with a granitic composite cone, dating from the late Pleistocene period, between 10,000 and 15,000 years ago. The island has a roughly circular coastline, 38.3 kilometers in length, with an average diameter of eight kilometers. The highest elevation Mount Oyama is an active volcano with a height of 775.1 meters. The mountain has been recorded to have erupted numerous times throughout history, and is mentioned as far back as Nara period written records. Over the past 500 years, it has erupted 13 times, including five times since the start of the Meiji period. A lava flow in 1940 killed 11 people, and other eruptions occurred in 1962 and 1983.</p><br>
<p>On July 14, 2000, Mount Oyama began another series of eruptions, and by September, the island was completely evacuated. After a four-year period of volcanic emissions, residents were allowed to return permanently on February 1, 2005. After the eruption, there has been a constant flow of sulfur dioxide gas coming from Mount Oyama.</p><br>
<p>The residents of the island are required to carry gas masks with them at all times, but they do not need to be worn constantly. Alarms go off if there is a dramatic increase in the levels of toxic gases in the air. Volcanic gas emissions from this volcano are measured by a Multi-Component Gas Analyzer System, which detects pre-eruptive degassing of rising magmas, improving prediction of volcanic activity.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>Miyake-jima has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) with very warm summers and mild winters. Precipitation is abundant throughout the year, but is somewhat lower in winter.</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>The island is administered by the Miyake subprefecture of the Tokyo Metropolitan government. As of June 1, 2016, the population of the island was 2451. Miyake Village serves as the local government of the island, and also encloses nearby tiny uninhabited Ōnoharajima west south-west of Miyake-jima.</p><br>
<p>Miyake village consists of the five traditional hamlets of Izu, Kamitsuki, Igaya, Ako and Tsubota, with Tsubota on the southeast coast as the administrative center.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>Miyake-jima is home to the rare endemic Izu thrush (akakokko).</p><br>
<p>The island is home to an unusually rich flora and fauna with several rare species of birds and animals, although its natural habitats are constantly under threat from human and volcanic activity.</p><br>
<p>Underwater, the island is valued by divers for its coral reefs and marine fauna (including the dolphin population outside nearby Mikura-jima).</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The island is accessible by over-night ferry, the Sarubia Maru or the Camellia, which is operated by Tōkai Kisen. The ferry departs from Takeshiba Pier, near Hamamatsuchō Station, Tokyo at 22:30 and arrives at Miyakejima at 5:00.</p><br>
<p>There are flights connecting Miyakejima Airport and Haneda Airport with an approximate flying time of 50 minutes. Flights are also operated from Chofu Airport. The area is prone to high volume of sulfuric gas and flights were suspended for almost eight years after the July 14, 2000 volcano eruption. Flights resumed during April 2008, after sulfuric gases in the air dropped to levels below 0.2ppm. There is a helicopter that arrives via Izu Ōshima. There are also two helicopter flights operated by Tokyo Island Shuttle which originate in Aogashima and Izu Ōshima and fly to Toshima, Miyake-jima, Mikura-jima, Hachijō-jima and Aogashima.</p><br>
<p>The Caleb Pusey House, built in 1683, is the second oldest English house in Pennsylvania open to the public . Built in a vernacular English yeoman&#39;s style, it is the only remaining house where William Penn is known to have visited. It stands on the 100 acre near Chester Creek which Penn granted Pusey, a plantation which the latter named "Landing Ford". It is located in what is now Upland, near Chester. Since the 1950s, the building and grounds have been owned by the Friends of the Caleb Pusey House, Inc. The house was restored and the property is operated as a historic house museum.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.</p><br>
<h2>Caleb Pusey</h2><br>
<p>Caleb Pusey, formally Caleb Bartholomew alias Pusey, (c. 1650–1727) was a Quaker lastmaker (a maker of wooden foot molds for cobblers) and a friend and business partner of William Penn, the founder of the colony of Pennsylvania. Pusey came to the colony from England in 1682, having been born in the parish of Lambourn, to manage Chester Mills for Penn. Situated on Chester Creek west of Philadelphia, they were the first Proprietary grist mill and sawmill in the colony. From 1701, Pusey served as a justice of the provincial supreme court. Pusey became involved with the local Quaker community, as well as local government. He wrote a number of pamphlets, several in defense of William Penn.</p><br>
<p>The Caleb Pusey house, at 15 Race Street, Upland, Pennsylvania, is likely the oldest house in the state. Caleb Pusey, a Quaker, came to Pennsylvania from England in 1682 with his wife Anne Worley and her two sons, Francis and Henry, from her first marriage. He and Penn had shipped with them on The Welcome, a prefabricated mill to build in the colony. The first winter in Pennsylvania they only were able to finish a pit-house, and lived in severe conditions. Anne had a miscarriage.</p><br>
<p>Pusey began their one-story house in 1683. It was constructed in two stages, probably finished a couple of years apart. A storage attic is above the main level. By 1696 Pusey and his family occupied the completed house and hosted the Quaker services of the Chester Monthly Meeting. It is built from native stone in the vernacular tradition of yeomens houses of Berkshire, England, Puseys home county. Bricks have been interspersed randomly through the construction, probably replacing missing stones.</p><br>
<p>In 1717, the Pusey family moved to East Marlborough Township, where he was involved in politics. The Landingford property was later owned by a succession of people, including industrialist John Price Crozer. The house was privately owned and occupied until about 1950. Also on the property are the Pennock Log House, built by a descendant of Pusey&#39;s in 1790; and the Crozer School, built by Crozer for the children of millworkers at his factory. Some of the many thousands of artifacts found during twentieth-century excavations on the property are on display in the Crozer School. Crozer also built the Upland Baptist Church and millworker housing in the area.</p><br>
<h2>Weather vane</h2><br>
<p>In the late 1840s, a resident discovered an iron weather vane, believed to be from Pusey&#39;s mill. Initials on the weather vane are those of the partners William Penn, Samuel Carpenter, and Caleb Pusey. The weather vane was donated to the Philadelphia Historical Society, then gilded and displayed on a roof in Harrisburg. It is now occasionally displayed at the Atwater Kent Museum of Philadelphia. The Friends of the Caleb Pusey House are trying to arrange for the weather vane to be returned or loaned to the house museum.</p><br>
<p>The Murchison River is the second longest river in Western Australia. It flows for about 820 km</p><br>
<h2>Basin</h2><br>
<p>The Murchison River basin covers an area of about 82,000 km&sup2; in the Mid West region of Western Australia. It extends about 550 km inland from the Indian Ocean, onto the Yilgarn Craton east of Meekatharra and north of Sandstone. Rain generally falls in the upper basin during summer cyclones, so for much of the year the Murchison River does not flow, leaving a dry sandy river bed and intermittent permanent pools.</p><br>
<p>The eastern reaches of the basin contain large chains of salt lakes, which flow only following rainfall. The drainage lines from these lakes merge to form the Murchison River about 90 km north-northeast of Meekatharra. From here the river flows west, then southwest, then west to the Indian Ocean.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>The Murchison River rises on the southern slopes of the Robinson Ranges, about 75 km north of Meekatharra in central Western Australia. From there it flows in a westerly direction for about 130 km to its junction with its largest tributary, the Yalgar River, then west for another 100 km before turning south-southwest for 120 km, at which point it is joined by the Roderick River, about 30 km east of Murchison Settlement. Another 70 km to the south-southwest it joins another important tributary, the Sanford River. Over the next 100 km it makes a number of sharp turns, taking it about 70 km to the west. It then flows to the southwest, flowing under the North West Coastal Highway at the Galena Bridge. Entering the Kalbarri National Park, it flows first to the northwest and then to the north, flowing through the Murchison Gorge, and passing through a number of tight bends known as the Z Bend and The Loop respectively. It eventually turns to the southwest, passing through one more dogleg before discharging into the Indian Ocean at Kalbarri, the only town on the river.</p><br>
<h3>Murchison Gorge</h3><br>
<p>Murchison Gorge is a deep gorge in near pristine condition. It is popular with tourists, and there are a number of tourist lookouts. It is also of geological interest, as it exposes a section through the Tumblagooda Sandstone, a geological sequence rich in Ordovician trace fossils.</p><br>
<h3>Estuary</h3><br>
<p>The final 18 km of the Murchison River, from the Murchison House ford to the mouth, are estuarine, and consist of a sequence of long sandbars and shallow pools mostly less than a metre deep. The estuary is permanently open to the sea, so is constantly affected by tides and the inflow of saline sea water. When river flow is low, the estuary accumulates sediment from the ocean, narrowing the river channel; this sediment is evacuated to the ocean during periods of high flow, but high flow also brings sediment into the estuary from upriver. Because of the high sediment load, and continual stirring by wind and river flow, the water is turbid.</p><br>
<p>The mouth of the estuary is a small delta, closed by a sandbar except for a narrow channel. Although this channel is permanently open, it is usually very narrow and shallow, and so is now dredged every year to allow passage by western rock lobster fishing boats.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Murchison River was named by the explorer George Grey, whose boats were wrecked at its mouth on 1April 1839, during his second disastrous exploratory expedition; the name honours Greys patron, the Scottish geologist Sir Roderick Murchison. Murchisons advocacy had been essential in securing official support for Grey&#39;s Western Australian expeditions.</p><br>
<p>The estuary and river mouth was used as a holiday destination by families from the Galena mines in the 1920s and 1930s, and a military holiday camp was built there during World WarII.</p><br>
<p>In 1951 the town of Kalbarri was gazetted at the river mouth, and by the end of the 1990s the population was about 2,000. In 1963 the Kalbarri National Park was gazetted, formally protecting the lower reaches of the river, including the gorge.</p><br>
<p>The Galena Bridge, carrying North West Coastal Highway over the river at Galena, was opened by the Main Roads Department in December 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Flooding</h2><br>
<p>Flooding occurred in 1866 resulting in the Geraldine Mine being drowned, more flooding occurred in 1882.</p><br>
<p>The southern branch flooded out to a distance of 6 mi from the river bank in 1884 and the main homestead at Moorarie Station was washed away with about 3,000 ewes and lambs.</p><br>
<p>The river was once again flooded in 1900 following heavy rains with the river estimated to be running 8 mi wide, road to Cue and Peak Hill were submerged under 10 ft of water. Roads were cut for up to a fortnight resulting in food shortages in many isolated towns. Ernest Lee Steere of Belele Station reported that over 5 in of rain fell in less than a fortnight. Further downstream the river was reported to be running 15 mi wide and at depths of up to 70 ft; despite the damage, pastoralists were jubilant at how quickly the grasses were growing.</p><br>
<p>Heavy flooding occurred along parts of the river in March 1926 following heavy rains. 15 to 20 men were left stranded at the Three Sister galena mine and had to be rescued by dingey.</p><br>
<p>Flooding again occurred in 1939 and once more following another significant rain event in February 1945 that resulted in flooding and the old Galena Bridge being swept away, effectively stranding the citizens of Carnarvon. A ferry service was established using a fishing boat. Bananas were the main item that urgently needed to be sent across for transport to market.</p><br>
<p>Following Cyclone Emma in 2006, much of the catchment area received 100 mm of rainfall. The river swelled, reaching a width of over 20 km in places, and Kalbarri had to be sandbagged to protect it from floodwaters.</p><br>
<p>Piz Bernina or Pizzo Bernina is the highest mountain in the Eastern Alps, the highest point of the Bernina Range, and the highest peak in the Rhaetian Alps. It rises 4,048.6 m  and is located south of Pontresina and near the major Alpine resort of St. Moritz, in the Engadin valley with the massif partially in Italy. It is also the most easterly mountain higher than 4,000 m in the Alps, the highest point of the Swiss canton of Graubünden, and the fifth-most prominent peak in the Alps. The minor summit  known as La Spedla is the highest point in the Italian Lombardy region.</p><br>
<p>The mountain was named after the Bernina Pass in 1850 by Johann Coaz, who also made the first ascent. The prefix Piz comes from the Romansch language in Graubünden; any mountain with that name can be readily identified as being located in southeastern Switzerland.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Piz Bernina is one of the few isolated Alpine four-thousanders and the most topographically isolated mountain of Switzerland. It is the culminating point of a group of summits slightly lower than 4,000 meters (13,120 feet) mostly lying on the main watershed between Switzerland and Italy (such as Piz Scerscen, Piz Zupò, and Piz Palü). The only other summit higher than 4,000 m is La Spedla (the Shoulder), a minor prominence south of the mountain, which is also the highest point on the Italian side of the massif.</p><br>
<p>The summit itself is located on a perpendicular chain (orientated north–south) starting at La Spedla on the border and finishing at Piz Chalchagn, composed also of Piz Morteratsch and Piz Boval.</p><br>
<p>Piz Bernina separates two glacial valleys, the Tschierva Glacier on the west and the Morteratsch Glacier on the east. The waters flowing on both side of the mountain end up in the Inn River running northeast through Engadin. South of Piz Bernina the watershed separates the drainage basins of the Danube (Black Sea) and the Po River (Adriatic Sea). The summit of Piz Bernina is the culminating point of the Danube drainage basin. Politically, it is split between the municipalities of Samedan and Pontresina.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The rocks composing Piz Bernina are mostly diorites and gabbros. The massif in general is also composed of granites, notable on Piz Corvatsch and Piz Palü. Most of the range belongs to the Austroalpine nappes, a tectonic unit whose rocks come from the Apulian plate, a small continent which broke away from Africa (Gondwana) before the Alpine orogeny. The Austroalpine nappes are common throughout all of the Eastern Alps.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing history</h2><br>
<p>The first ascent was made via the east ridge in 1850 by the 28-year-old topographer Johann Wilhelm Coaz (1822-1918, from S-Chanf) and his assistants, the brothers Jon and Lorenz Ragut Tscharner. On 13 September 1850, shortly after 6 a.m., they left the Bernina Inn (at 2,050 m) with their measuring instruments. They traversed the Labyrinth (on the Morteratsch Glacier) and headed to the Fuorcla CrastAgüzza, a col between the Crast Agüzza and Piz Bernina. They reached the summit at around 6 p.m.</p><br>
<p>Johan Coaz wrote in his diary:</p><br>
<p>In 1866, the south ridge running from La Spedla was climbed by Francis Fox Tuckett and F. A. Y. Brown with guides Christian Almer and F. Andermatten. They started at midnight from the Alpe Foppa on the Italian side, and reached the summit at 11 a.m., descending to Pontresina only a few hours later.</p><br>
<p>The first attempt to climb the northern ridge, the Biancograt, was made on 12 August 1876 by Henri Cordier and Thomas Middlemore with guides Johann Jaun and Kaspar Maurer. They successfully reached the top of the ridge, Piz Alv, but when they saw the chasm lying between them and the summit of Piz Bernina, they considered it to be beyond their powers and returned down the Biancograt. Cordier later declared the gap to be "absolutely impossible".</p><br>
<p>Exactly two years later, Paul Güssfeldt, accompanied by the guides H. Grass and J. Gross, reached the summit via the Biancograt and accomplished the first complete ascent on this route. The first winter ascent was made on 15 March 1929 by C. Colmus with guides C. and U. Grass. To win a bet worth 200 CHF, Hermann Buhl reached the summit of Piz Bernina from the Boval hut in 6 hours; he then descended the north ridge in only 15 minutes, establishing a record.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>Piz Bernina is the highest summit of the Engadin region and lies close to the resorts of St. Moritz and Pontresina. The mountain can be seen from different viewpoints with the use of ski-lifts from Diavolezza, Piz Corvatsch or Piz Nair. The Bernina railway connects St. Moritz with the southern Val Poschiavo through the Bernina Pass.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing routes and huts</h2><br>
<p>The normal route starts from the Rifugio Marco e Rosa, located at 3,600 m above the Fuorcla Crast&#39;Agüzza, and follows the route taken by the first ascentionists.</p><br>
<p>The north ridge, called the Biancograt or Crast Alva (both meaning White Ridge), is the most well-known and attractive route to the summit, and is much more difficult than the normal route. The route starts from the Tschierva Hut (2,584 m) in Val Roseg, accessible from Pontresina. The Biancograt itself starts at the Fuorcla Prievlusa (3,430 m) and leads to Piz Bianco (3,995 m). To reach the summit, the Bernina gap – which repulsed Cordier, Middlemore, Jaun and Maurer in 1876 – has to be traversed.</p><br>
<p>Other huts in the area</p><br>
<p>Rifugio Carate Brianza (2,662 m) – capacity 32 beds, 3 places in winter room</p><br>
<p>Rifugio Marinelli Bombardieri (2,813 m) – capacity 220 beds, 15 places in winter room</p><br>
<p>Chamanna Boval (2,495 m) – capacity 120 beds</p><br>
<p>Chamanna da Diavolezza (2,973 m) – capacity 234 beds</p><br>
<h2>Panorama</h2><br>
<h2>Deaths on Piz Bernina</h2><br>
<p>1970: Rollo Davidson and Michael Latham</p><br>
<p>Mount Geraneia  is a mountain range in Corinthia and West Attica, Greece. Its highest point is the peak Makryplagi, elevation 1,351 m. It covers the northern part of the isthmus between the Gulf of Corinth and the Saronic Gulf. It spans 5–10 km from north to south and 30 km from east to west.</p><br>
<p>The geography of Geraneia includes forests in the south, the west and the northern part at an elevation of under 900 to 1,000 m. Barren land is in the central part. The grasslands and some bushes lies to the northwest. Farmlands and some barren land lies to the south.</p><br>
<p>The name of the mountain dates back to ancient times. During the Peloponnesian War, the Corinthians and their allies occupied the heights of Geraneia and marched to Megara with a large force.</p><br>
<p>Mount Geraneia&#39;s wolf pack is the southernmost in Greece, possibly in Europe, too.</p><br>
<h2>Nearest places</h2><br>
<p>Agioi Theodoroi, south</p><br>
<p>Megara, east</p><br>
<p>Kineta, southeast</p><br>
<p>Loutraki, southwest</p><br>
<p>Mount Iliamna is a glacier-covered stratovolcano in the largely volcanic Aleutian Range in southwest Alaska. Located in the Chigmit Mountain subrange in Lake Clark National Park and Preserve, the volcano lies approximately 215 km southwest of Anchorage on the west side of lower Cook Inlet. Holocene eruptive activity from Iliamna is little known, but radiocarbon dating seems to indicate at least a few eruptions, all before the European settlement of Alaska. However, fumaroles located at about 2,740 m elevation on the eastern flank produce nearly constant plumes of steam and minor amounts of sulfurous gases. These plumes are quite vigorous and have resulted in numerous pilot reports and early historical accounts of "eruptions" at Iliamna Volcano.</p><br>
<p>__TOC__</p><br>
<p>Boulder Mountain in Utah, USA makes up half of the Aquarius Plateau of South Central Utah in Wayne and Garfield counties. The mountain rises to the west of Capitol Reef National Park and consists of steep slopes and cliffs with over 50,000 acres  of rolling forest and meadowlands on the top. It is the highest timbered plateau in North America and is part of the Dixie National Forest.</p><br>
<p>Utah Scenic Byway 12 traverses the eastern side of the mountain from Torrey through Boulder and on to Escalante. A series of unpaved backcountry roads and jeep trails provide access to the top during the brief snow free time, which is usually only a few months from July to September.</p><br>
<p>The Boulder Mountain cinquefoil (Potentilla angelliae) is a rare species of plant that is endemic to Boulder Mountain.</p><br>
<p>The Victorian Alps, an extensive mountain range that forms the southern part of the Australian Alps located in the Australian state of Victoria, is part of the Great Dividing Range, an Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia  sub-bioregion of approximately 519,866 hectare, and an administrative sub-region bordering the Gippsland and Hume regions.</p><br>
<h2>Location and features</h2><br>
<p>Comprising the Bogong High Plains, Bowen Range, Cathedral Range, Cobberas Range, and numerous other smaller ranges, the Victorian Alps include the Alpine Shire, parts of the East Gippsland Shire, and some parts of the Mansfield Shire local government areas. The alps are sometimes called the High Plains or High Country,</p><br>
<p>The highest peak in the range is Mount Bogong at an elevation of 1,986 m, which is also the highest peak in Victoria.</p><br>
<p>Place Fell is a hill in the English Lake District. It stands at the corner of the upper and middle reaches of Ullswater, with steep western flanks overlooking the villages of Glenridding and Patterdale.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>A ten-mile-long horseshoe of high ground surrounds the Martindale catchment, a system of valleys draining northward into Ullswater. Place Fell is at the western terminus of this ridge. To the south is Angletarn Pikes, whilst on all other sides Place Fell stands independent and is bordered by deep valleys.</p><br>
<p>The fell is bounded on the north and west by Ullswater. For the most part these flanks fall steeply to the shore, with several areas of woodland on the lower slopes. The exception is Silver Point, the promontory separating the upper and middle reaches of the lake. This is formed by Silver Crag (890 ft), an outlier standing apart from the mass of the fell. The lakeshore path from Sandwick in the north to Patterdale in the south was described by Wainwright as the most beautiful and rewarding walk in Lakeland. South of the lake, Place Fell&#39;s steep slopes continue above Patterdale village to Boredale Hause above the valley of Goldrill Beck.</p><br>
<p>Place Fells eastern boundary is Boredale, one of the Martindale valleys. This face is also steep with many outcrops of crag. Travelling up Boredale, the valley turns gradually to the south west, making as though to intercept Patterdale and cut the fell off from its neighbours altogether. The thin strip of high ground at Boredale Hause (1,300 ft) is all that joins Place Fell to the main body of the Far Eastern Fells. A tiny ruin at the top of the pass is named on OS maps as the Chapel in the Hause&#39;, one of the more unlikely sites for a church. From the hause the ridge can be followed south along a good path to Angletarn Pikes, first climbing the subsidiary top of Stony Rigg (1,610 ft). Other paths from this walkers crossroads lead to Patterdale, Boredale, Bannerdale via Beda Fell, and Hartsop, in addition to the route up Steel Edge to the summit of Place Fell.</p><br>
<p>The top of Place Fell is a wide plateau with the summit at the south western corner. From here the rocky ridge of Hart Crag runs for a short distance north east across the plateau, decorated with a number of small tarns. Continuing in this direction, the ground gradually narrows as it descends to Low Moss, beyond which are the subsidiary tops of High Dodd (1,645 ft) and Sleet Fell (1,240 ft).</p><br>
<p>A second descending ridge runs north from the summit area, beginning at The Knight (1,800 ft). This rock outcrop assumes an impressive peaked appearance when viewed from the north, although from behind it could easily be missed. From here the ridge descends over Bleaberry Knott (1,675 ft) and Low Birk Fell, curving east above the middle reach of Ullswater. Low Birk Fell sports a fine beacon (columnar cairn), easily seen from Sandwick. Between the Bleaberry Fell and High Dodd ridges is the valley of Scalehow Beck, providing much of Place Fell&#39;s northern drainage.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The summit of the fell has an OS triangulation column and cairn placed about ten yards apart on two competing high-points. The cairn sits above Ullswater and provides superb views up the facing valleys from Glencoyne round to Kirkstone, the rough eastern faces of the Helvellyn range being particularly striking.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>Place Fell can be climbed from Patterdale, either via Boredale Hause or more directly by aiming up the face between Bleaberry Knott and The Knight. Ascents can also be made from Sandwick up either of the north eastern ridges, or from Boredale via the Hause. The altitude gain from the shores of Ullswater to the peak of Place Fell is 512 m, but trails have shallow gradients and no hands-on scrambling is required; scrambling opportunities are few, even off-trail.</p><br>
<p>The Alaknanda is a Himalayan river in the Indian state of Uttarakhand and one of the two headstreams of the Ganga, the major river of Northern India and the holy river of Hinduism. In hydrology, the Alaknanda is considered the source stream of the Ganges on account of its greater length and discharge; however, in Hindu mythology and culture, the other headstream, the Bhagirathi, is considered the source stream.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>The Alaknanda is considered to rise at the confluence and foot of the Satopanth and Bhagirath Kharak glaciers in Uttarakhand, though the Saraswati River tributary flowing from Mana Pass is longer; the two meet at Mana, India, 21 km from Tibet. Three km below Mana the Alaknanda flows past the Hindu pilgrimage centre of Badrinath. It meets the Bhagirathi River at Devprayag after flowing for approximately 190 km through the Alaknanda valley. Its main tributaries are the Mandakini, Nandakini, and Pindar rivers. The Alaknanda system drains parts of Chamoli, Tehri, and Pauri districts.</p><br>
<p>Following the merging at Devprayag, the river is known as the Ganges. The Alaknanda contributes a significantly larger portion to the flow of the Ganges than the Bhagirathi. The Alaknanda is also known for adventure sports such as rafting.</p><br>
<p>In mythology, the Goddess Ganga descended to earth at Gangotri, the original source of the Bhagirathi before the Gangotri Glacier receded to its current location at Gomukh. The Alaknanda is believed to have split off from the celestial Ganges when it descended from heaven.</p><br>
<p>The origin of Alaknanda River is of special interest to the tourists who visit the important pilgrimages in Uttarakhand. The Ganges rises in the southern Himalayas on the Indian side of the Tibet border. The five headstreams of the Ganges including the Bhagirathi, Mandakini, Alaknanda, Dhauliganga and Pindar, all rising in the northern mountainous regions of Uttarakhand.</p><br>
<p>On the Satopanth Glacier six km up from Alaknanda&#39;s origin at its snout, the triangular Lake Satopanth is found at a height of 4350 m. It and the glacier are named after the Hindu trinity Lord Brahma, Lord Vishnu, Lord Shiva.</p><br>
<p>Nanda Devi is the highest point in the Alaknanda basin.</p><br>
<h2>Attractions</h2><br>
<p>Badrinath:</p><br>
<p>Badrinath, one of the holy destinations for Hindus in India is located near to the bank of the Alaknanda River. This place is surrounded by two mountain ranges of Nar and Narayan and Neelkanth peak is located at the back side.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Rafting</p><br>
<p>Alaknanda River origin is of great interest for the tourists who visit the pilgrimages in Uttarakhand. Rise of the Ganges in India is from the southern part of the Indian Himalaya, near the Tibet border. This river is among the best for river rafting in the world due to its high rafting grade.</p><br>
<h2>Panch Prayag</h2><br>
<p>Several rivers in the Garhwal region merge with the Alaknanda at Panch Prayag or holy confluence of rivers. These are:</p><br>
<p>Vishnuprayag, where the Alaknanda is met by the Dhauliganga River</p><br>
<p>Nandaprayag, where it is met by the Nandakini River</p><br>
<p>Karnaprayag, where it is met by the Pindar River</p><br>
<p>Rudraprayag, where it is met by the Mandakini River</p><br>
<p>Devprayag, where it meets the Bhagirathi River and officially becomes the Ganges</p><br>
<h2>Dams</h2><br>
<p>There are 37 hydroelectric dams in operation, under construction or planned to harness the energy of the Alaknanda river and its tributaries and generate electricity.</p><br>
<p>HYDEL PROJECTS ON ALAKNANDA RIVER BASIN</p><br>
<p>There are 23 other proposed projects in the ALAKNANDA RIVER BASIN through which the power-potential of the Alaknanda and its tributaries can be harnessed. The proposed 23 Hydel-Projects are as follows -</p><br>
<p>ALAKNANDA (Badrinath) (300 MW)</p><br>
<p>BAGOLI (72 MW)</p><br>
<p>BOWLA NANDPRAYAG (132 MW)</p><br>
<p>CHUNI SEMI (60 MW)</p><br>
<p>DEODI (60 MW)</p><br>
<p>DEVSARI DAM (255 MW)</p><br>
<p>GAURIKUND (18.6 MW)</p><br>
<p>GOHANA TAL (60 MW)</p><br>
<p>JELAM TAMAK (60 MW)</p><br>
<p>KARNAPRAYAG (160 MW)</p><br>
<p>LAKSHMANGANGA (4.4 MW)</p><br>
<p>LATA TAPOVAN (310 MW)</p><br>
<p>MALERI JELAM (55 MW)</p><br>
<p>NANDPRAYAG LANGASU (141 MW)</p><br>
<p>PADLI DAM (27 MW)</p><br>
<p>PHATA-BYUNG (10.8 MW)</p><br>
<p>RAMBARA (24 MW)</p><br>
<p>RISHIGANGA I (70 MW)</p><br>
<p>RISHIGANGA II (35 MW)</p><br>
<p>TAMAK LATA (280 MW)</p><br>
<p>URGAM II (3.8 MW)</p><br>
<p>UTYASU DAM (860 MW)</p><br>
<p>VISHNUGAD PIPALKOTI (444 MW)</p><br>
<h2>Towns along Alaknanda River</h2><br>
<p>As the river flows, the towns along its banks are Badrinath, Vishnuprayag, Joshimath, Chamoli, Nandaprayag, Karnaprayag, Rudraprayag, Srinagar and Devprayag. At each town with suffix prayag, Alaknanda meets another river.</p><br>
<h2>Photo gallery</h2><br>
<p>The Cheviot  is the highest summit in the Cheviot Hills in the far north of England, only 2 km from the Scottish border. It is the last major peak on the Pennine Way, if travelling from south to north, before the descent into Kirk Yetholm.</p><br>
<p>Other than the route via the Pennine Way, most routes up The Cheviot start from the Harthope Burn side to the northeast, which provides the nearest access by road. The summit is around 5 km from the road-end at Langleeford. There are routes following the ridges above either side of the valley, and a route that sticks to the valley floor until it climbs to the summit of The Cheviot from the head of the valley.</p><br>
<p>Although the Pennine Way itself does a two-mile out-and-back detour to the Cheviot, many walkers who come this way omit it, since the stage (the last) is 29 miles long.</p><br>
<p>The summit of the Cheviot is very flat. It is an ancient, extinct volcano. It is covered with an extensive peat bog up to 2 m deep; the Northumberland National Park authority have laid down stone slabs on the main access footpath to prevent erosion damage to the peat and to make the approach to the summit safer for walkers.</p><br>
<p>North of the summit, in the peat bogs, are the remains of a crashed B-17 bomber, which hit the mountain due to a navigational error in World War II. The more recognisable pieces of wreckage have been removed, but pieces of the aircraft can still be found.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>Though the exact etymology behind The Cheviot is unknown, it is generally understood to be Celtic. It can be most plausibly explained as a compound of the Brittonic *ceμ-, a ridge, and the nominal suffix -ed.</p><br>
<h2>View</h2><br>
<p>The view is obscured greatly by the flatness of the summit plateau. Nevertheless, on a clear day the following are visible (from west, clockwise); Broad Law, Moorfoot Hills, Pentland Hills, the Ochils, Lammermuir Hills, Ros Hill, Long Crag, Urra Moor, Tosson Hill, Burnhope Seat, Cross Fell, Helvellyn, Scafell Pike, Skiddaw, Sighty Crag, Peel Fell, and Queensberry.</p><br>
<p>Little Mell Fell  is a small fell in the English Lake District. It is an outlier of the Eastern Fells, standing to the north of Ullswater near the village of Watermillock, and connected to other high ground by a narrow col to the south.</p><br>
<p>It stands just to the east of the rather similar Great Mell Fell. Both fells are of a similar size and appearance. Both appear relatively isolated, both have a smooth, rounded outline, and unlike all other fells in the Lake District, both are composed of the same Devonian age conglomerate rock.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>Little Mell Fell is a small U-shaped area of high ground, about 1 square mile (2.6 km) in area, north of Ullswater and east of Great Mell Fell. Its summit is a symmetrical rounded grassy dome in the south-east corner of the fell which reaches a height of 505 m, 32 m lower than Great Mell Fell. Two short grassy spurs extend from this dome: one to the north and one to the west. The western spur then turns northwards so that a deep valley is enclosed between the two spurs, drained by the upper reaches of Thackthwaite Gill.</p><br>
<p>The fell has one visible connection to other fells. Due south from the summit a narrow col called The Hause connects it to Watermillock Fell and a ridge of high ground running south west, parallel to the shore of Ullswater, until it culminates at Gowbarrow Fell. Intermediate tops along this ridge include Watermillock Fell (424 m, unnamed on Ordnance Survey maps), Little Meldrum (404 m) and Great Meldrum (437 m).</p><br>
<p>The south-east corner of the fell is drained by a small beck which flows directly into Ullswater. All other parts of the fell are drained by various tributaries of Dacre Beck, which joins the River Eamont some 3 km below its outfall from Ullswater. Thus the whole fell drains ultimately into the Eamont and to the Solway Firth.</p><br>
<p>The fell has a few small areas of broadleaved plantation, but otherwise is bare, the lower slopes being parcelled up into fields for agriculture.</p><br>
<p>Notices indicate the presence of adders on the fell.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The summit is at the top of a rounded, grassy dome and is marked by an Ordnance Survey triangulation column.</p><br>
<p>There is a good all-round view, though it is robbed of foreground by the gentle curvature of the grassy summit. The view extends east over the Eden Valley to the Pennine Hills, north to the Southern Uplands of Scotland, west and south to the fells of the Lake District, including the Northern, Eastern and Far Eastern Fells. Nearer at hand may be seen the lower reach of Ullswater, and it is a good viewpoint for Martindale.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>Only the southern parts of the fell are Open Access land. Access to it may be gained from four points. From the east access is possible from a narrow lane alongside the fell near the Cove camping park. From the south access can be gained from The Hause, which is crossed by a minor road, and where some parking is available. From Lowthwaite Farm a public right of way runs along the south side of the fell, to The Hause. From the west a tractor track gives access to the fell from a point 400 m north of Lowthwaite Farm.</p><br>
<p>Three used paths approach the summit: from the west ridge, from the south directly from The Hause, and from the east.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Both Great and Little Mell Fells are unique among the fells of the Lake District by being composed of the Mell Fell Conglomerate, a sedimentary rock formed from deposits of sand and gravel in alluvial fans and braided river channels in a desert environment. The rock contains no fossils. The stones in the conglomerate came from the erosion of both the Borrowdale Volcanic Group and the Windermere Supergroup. The reddish-coloured rock appears to date from the late Devonian Period, sometime around 375 million years ago. The erosion of this conglomerate has formed the smooth and rounded outlines that are distinctive of the two Mell Fells.</p><br>
<p>Rocks of the Devonian Period are also referred to as the Old Red Sandstone. These should not be confused with the younger New Red Sandstone of the Permian Period, found nearby in Penrith and the Eden Valley.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>Mell Fell is found in the earlier form Melfel (1279) and is probably derived from the Brittonic (Cumbric) word męl (c.f. Welsh moel), a bare hill, with Fell as a later addition.</p><br>
<p>Fell is a local dialect word with several meanings, from either Old Norse fell, hill, mountain, or Old Norse fjall, mountainous country. Fell is very common in Lake District place-names, some of which, like Mell Fell, are ancient, though many others are much more modern.</p><br>
<p>The two Mell Fells have been distinguished as Great and Little since at least the fifteenth century, but Greenwood&#39;s map of 1823 distinguishes them as West and East Mell Fell.</p><br>
<p>The Hause is derived from Old Norse hals, neck, often used to denote a pass between two valleys.</p><br>
<h2>Image gallery</h2><br>
<p>The Afon Ogwen  is a river in north-west Wales draining from some of the greatest peaks in Snowdonia before discharging to the sea on the eastern side of Bangor, Gwynedd.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>Although the spoken form in the local North Wales dialect is Ogwan (with an A), and it has also recently been shown that Ogwan is an original form of the name, the form Ogwen is believed to have been mistakenly adopted as a kind of back-formation, because many words ending in -en become -an in the north Wales dialect.</p><br>
<p>The name of the river is recorded as Oguanw (with the U doing duty for modern F) in a poem in the Hendregadredd Manuscript. The name is probably a compound word: og + banw (piglet)=ogfanw. The precise meaning of og is less clear, but it may either be cognate with the Irish Tír na n-Óg (land of youth) or else derive from the Proto-Indo-European *oku ("soon, fast").</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>The main source of the Ogwen is in Llyn Ogwen, which is situated alongside the A5 road as it starts to descend through Snowdonia. However, the true source of the river lies in the three streams draining into Llyn Ogwen. These are Nant Gwern y Gof, Afon Denau, and Afon Lloer which itself has its source in the upland lake, Ffynnon Lloer.</p><br>
<h2>Waterfalls</h2><br>
<p>The Ogwen emerging at the western end of Llyn Ogwen immediately descends cataracts and waterfalls, known as Ogwen Falls in English and Rhaeadr Ogwen in Welsh, before continuing in a north-north-westerly direction down the glaciated Nant Ffrancon valley.</p><br>
<h2>Re-Engineered</h2><br>
<p>In the 1950s and 1960s, this stretch of the river was re-engineered to try to help drain the adjoining farmland. However, the beneficial effects were not significant and the ecological damage was great. In the 1990s, the Environment Agency, working with partners including the Countryside Council for Wales and farming groups, re-engineered the river to recreate pools and riffles with the intention of allowing the river to re-gain its original form and diversity of wildlife.</p><br>
<p>As the river continues northwards, it passes close to the great waste tips of slate produced by the Penrhyn slate quarry. A dam was built in the Afon Ogwen at Ogwen Bank, in the early 20th century, to raise the level of the river in order to provide water for the use of the nearby Penrhyn Quarry and then past a caravan site, Ogwen Bank, where the remains of a long abandoned watermill and mill pond still exist. Passing Braichmelyn village on its eastern bank, it is joined by the substantial tributary, the Afon Caseg, which drains a large area of the Carneddau mountains. The course turns slightly more westwards as the river passes through Bethesda and becomes progressively more wooded and more deeply cut providing some white water conditions enjoyed by canoeists.</p><br>
<p>The widening river then follows an abandoned railway line (now the Lon Las Ogwen cycle path) through a woodland valley crossing under the main north Wales coast line and the A55 before discharging to the Menai Strait at Aberogwen, near Bangor.</p><br>
<h2>Tributaries</h2><br>
<p>Afon Bodesi</p><br>
<p>Afon Lloer</p><br>
<p>Afon Denau</p><br>
<p>Afon Caseg</p><br>
<p>Afon Llafar</p><br>
<p>Afon Ffrydlas</p><br>
<p>Afon Llan (Llanllechid)</p><br>
<p>Nant (neu Afon) Gwern y Gof</p><br>
<p>Nant Bochlwyd</p><br>
<p>Nant Cywion</p><br>
<p>Nant Bual</p><br>
<p>Nant Berfedd</p><br>
<p>Carlingford Lough  is a glacial fjord or sea inlet that forms part of the border between Northern Ireland to the north and the Republic of Ireland to the south. On its northern shore is County Down and on its southern shore is County Louth. At its extreme interior angle  it is fed by the Newry River and the Newry Canal.</p><br>
<p>The name is derived from the Old Norse Kerlingfjǫrðr, which means "narrow sea-inlet of the hag". Historically it was called Cuan Snámh-Aighneach, Snámh-Aighneach or Cuan Cairlinne in Irish. An older English name was Nury (Newry) Bay.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Newry River and the Newry Canal link the lough to the nearby city of Newry (the canal continues on towards the River Bann and Lough Neagh; the river, under the name River Clanrye, loops around County Down). The only other glacial fjords in Ireland are Lough Swilly and Killary Harbour.</p><br>
<p>On the northern coast, in County Down, are the coastal towns of Warrenpoint and Rostrevor, backed by the Mourne Mountains. On the southern coast are Omeath, Carlingford and Greenore backed by the Cooley Mountains, all on the Cooley Peninsula in County Louth.</p><br>
<p>The seaward entrance to the lough is marked by the Haulbowline Lighthouse, which was built in 1824.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>The area has been a popular tourist destination since Victorian times when the railway between Dublin and Belfast was opened. Situated approximately halfway between the two cities, the easy access to the area combined with its scenery and sheltered location are still important factors in its popularity today.</p><br>
<p>This is where the "Mountains of Mourne sweep down to the Sea" and together with the Sleve Foy ridge on the County Louth shore of the lough they offer scenic drives, forest parks and many miles of good footpaths and trails to explore. Rambling, hillwalking and climbing are popular, with local outdoor education centres offering courses and activity holidays. Its a similar story on the water, with marinas in Carlingford and Warrenpoint. Craft of various types can be hired at both locations, or the visitor can take a cruise on one of several tour vessels that operate from Omeath, Warrenpoint and Carlingford during the peak season of June, July and August.</p><br>
<p>Culturally, there is a varied offering of events and festivals. Highlights include the at the end of May in Warrenpoint, Carlingford Oyster Festival, Newry Arts Festival, The "Maiden of the Mournes" in Warrenpoint, Rostrevors "Fiddlers Green International Folk Festival" and the Mourne Walking Festival which involves a wide programme of events at a variety of locations. The majority of these festivals are free, although bookings and or entry fees may be payable for some events. More informal entertainment is widely available throughout the year in hotels and bars.</p><br>
<p>Short-term tourist accommodation includes award-winning hotels, B&Bs, self-catering holiday cottages, and campsites, although is interspersed among residential dwellings in an unregulated an wanton manner which dramatically reduces quality of life and wellbeing of many of Carlingford&#39;s residents. Early booking is always advisable during holiday periods as even the campsites are often full to capacity. Opportunities to eat out are largely confined to the Hotels, small restaurants and local bars (although many smaller bars do not serve meals), but there is generally a good balance between quality and value for money.</p><br>
<p>However, long term residential possibilities in Carlingford village are dwindling. In a recent town planning meeting, long term residential provision and quality of same were ranked #18 on the compiled list of planning considerations going forward in the area, being outranked largely by suggestions to improve tourism and therefore business for the village&#39;s longest established families.</p><br>
<p>In 2008, the area was designated a European Destination of Excellence (EDEN), and continuing investment in infrastructure, services and facilities on both sides of the border is assured.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>The northern shores have extensive mudflats and salt marshes which provide winter feeding areas for the pale-bellied brent goose (Branta bernicla hrota). At the mouth of the lough are several small rock and shingle islands which are breeding areas for terns that feed in its shallow waters.</p><br>
<h2>Protected areas</h2><br>
<p>The Lough is an Important Bird Area.</p><br>
<p>The Carlingford Lough Ramsar site (wetlands of international importance designated under the Ramsar Convention), is 830.51 hectares in area, at latitude 54 03 00 N and longitude 06 07 00 W. It was designated a Ramsar site on 9 March 1998. It is a cross-border site. The northern shore is in Northern Ireland and includes the most significant mudflats in the lough, and an area of salt marsh. The southern shore is in the Republic of Ireland. At the mouth of the lough are several small rock and shingle islands which are of importance to terns.</p><br>
<p>The Ramsar Site lies between Killowen Point and Soldiers Point on the northern shores of Carlingford Lough and the landward boundary coincides entirely with that of the Carlingford Lough Area of Special Scientific Interest and the Carlingford Lough Special Protection Area.</p><br>
<p>The site qualified under Criterion 2 of the Ramsar Convention because it supports important groups of vulnerable and endangered Irish Red Data Book bird species. It supports nationally important breeding populations of common tern. Roseate terns returned to the site after an absence of six years with two breeding pairs recorded in 1997. It has also supported nationally important numbers of Arctic tern. It also qualified under Criterion 3c for supporting internationally important breeding populations of Sandwich tern and of overwintering light-bellied brent geese.</p><br>
<h2>Railway access</h2><br>
<p>is the nearest station located on the Dublin-Belfast railway line with trains running on the Enterprise between Belfast Central, Portadown and Dublin Connolly, whilst other trains may call at additional stations en route to Belfast Great Victoria Street.</p><br>
<p>Grumentum was an ancient Roman city in the centre of Lucania, in what is now the comune of Grumento Nova, c. 50 km south of Potenza by the direct road through Anxia, and 80 km by the Via Herculia, at the point of divergence of a road eastward to Heraclea.</p><br>
<p>The main public buildings of the city have been excavated and are in excellent condition.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first Lucanian settlements in the area date from the 6th century BC. The site was founded by the Romans in the 3rd century BC during the Samnite Wars as a fortified vanguard. The position was chosen to control important routes (one of which became the via Herculia in the late 200s AD). In 215 BC the Carthaginian general Hanno was defeated under its walls at the Battle of Grumentum, but in 207 BC Hannibal made it his headquarters.</p><br>
<p>In the Social War it was a strong fortress, and seems to have been held by both sides at different times but was sacked by Italic tribes. It became a colony, perhaps in the time of Sulla, at the latest under Augustus, and became important.</p><br>
<p>St. Laverius was martyred here in 312 AD. In 370 AD Grumentum became a bishopric but soon afterwards it began to be abandoned. Due to the Saracen inroads (9th-10th centuries), in 954 a new town (Saponara or Saponaria, the modern Grumento Nova) was founded.</p><br>
<h2>The Site</h2><br>
<p>The site is a ridge on the right bank of the Aciris (Agri) about 600 m above sea-level, c. 800 m below the modern Grumento Nova, which lies much higher at 772 m.</p><br>
<p>Its ruins include those of a large amphitheatre (arena 62.5 m x 60 m, 1st century BC), the only one in Lucania. There are also remains of a theatre. Inscriptions record the repair of its town walls and the construction of thermae (of which remains were found) in 57–51 BC, the construction in 43 BC, of a portico, remains of which may be seen along an ancient road, at right angles to the main road, which traversed Grumentum from south to north. A domus with 4th century mosaics is also present, as well as two small temples of imperial times. Outside the walls monumental tombs, a Palaeo-Christian basilica and an aqueduct have been found.</p><br>
<p>The aqueduct had its source about 5 km further south and entered the town on the southern side of the plateau. It was transported on arches and emptied into a Castellum Aquae of which some ruins remain.</p><br>
<p>Many of the finds can be seen in the Archaeological Museum of Grumento Nova.</p><br>
<p>Jebel Barkal or Gebel Barkal  is a very small mountain located some 400 km north of Khartoum, in Karima town in Northern State in Sudan, on a large bend of the Nile River, in the region called Nubia. The mountain is 98 m tall, has a flat top, and apparently was used as a landmark by the traders in the important route between central Africa, Arabia, and Egypt, as the point where it was easier to cross the great river. In 2003, the mountain, together with the historical city of Napata , were named World Heritage Sites by UNESCO.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Around 1450 BCE, the Egyptian Pharaoh Thutmose III extended his empire to that region and considered Gebel Barkal its southern limit. There, he campaigned near the city of Napata that, about 300 years later, became the capital of the independent kingdom of Kush. The 25th Dynasty Nubian king Piye later greatly enlarged the New Kingdom Temple of Amun in this city and erected his Year 20 Victory stela within it.</p><br>
<h2>Ruins</h2><br>
<p>The ruins around Gebel Barkal include at least 13 temples and 3 palaces, that were for the first time described by European explorers in the 1820s. In 1862 five inscriptions from the Third Intermediate Period were recovered by an Egyptian officer and transported to the Cairo Museum, but not until 1916 were scientific archeological excavations performed by a joint expedition of Harvard University and the Museum of Fine Arts of Boston under the direction of George Reisner. From the 1970s, explorations continued by a team from the University of Rome La Sapienza, under the direction of Sergio Donadoni, that was joined by another team from the Boston Museum, in the 1980s, under the direction of Timothy Kendall. The larger temples, such as that of Amun, are even today considered sacred to the local population.</p><br>
<h2>Pyramids</h2><br>
<p>Jebel Barkal served as a royal cemetery during the Meroitic Kingdom. The earliest burials date back to the 3rd century BC.</p><br>
<p>Bar. 1 King from the middle of the 1st century BCE</p><br>
<p>Bar. 2 King Teriqas (ca. 29-25 BCE)</p><br>
<p>Bar. 4 Queen Amenirenas ? (1st century BCE)</p><br>
<p>Bar. 6 Queen Nawidemak (1st century BCE)</p><br>
<p>Bar. 7 King Sabrakamani? (3rd century BCE)</p><br>
<p>Bar. 9 King or Queen of the early 2nd century CE</p><br>
<p>Bar. 11 King Aktisanes or Aryamani (3rd century BCE)</p><br>
<p>Bar. 14 King Aktisanes or Aryamani (3rd century BCE)</p><br>
<p>Bar. 15 King Kash (3rd century BCE)</p><br>
<p>Volissos  is the largest village in the northwest part of Chios, Aegean Islands, Greece. The village is situated 40 km away from the main town of Chios.</p><br>
<p>Volissos has a port called "Limia" that connects the island with the island of Psara.The village is built in amphitheatrical style on a hill and on top of it there is a Byzantine castle built in the medieval times. The castle has a trapezoid shape with six circular towers.</p><br>
<p>Volissos is claimed to be one of the possible birthplaces of Homer; Herodotus makes a reference to Homer having lived and wrote his marvelous epics in this village. In Christian Greek history, Volissos is famed as the birthplace of Saint Markella of Chios.</p><br>
<h2>The village</h2><br>
<p>Volissos has a primary school and a high school that serves also the surrounding villages. The village has a post-office, a pharmacy, a small doctor&#39;s surgery, a police station, a small museum, three mini-markets, four taverns, a butchery, a traditional bakery, several traditional cafeterias and two gas-stations located 4 km away on the road to Chios town. There is also a small crêperie near the castle with nice view. Volissos is situated about 1,5 km away from the seaside and its port. Inside the village the main square is called "Christos" square and the next large one is called "Pythonas" square. Each square has its own church. There are several rooms to let in the village most of them located near the castle on the top of the hill.</p><br>
<h2>The surroundings</h2><br>
<p>Mountains dominate the northwestern part of the municipality including the highest peak on the island at 1267m, the "Pellinaion" mountain. "Limia" is the port of Volissos. It has three restaurants, a hotel and two bars. From the northwest side of the port are the beaches "Lefkathia", "Limnos", "Lampsa", "Vakelonas" and "Aghia Markella", where the monastery of Markella of Chios is established. Heading south next to the port of "Limia", there is a large beach starting from "Gonia" beach to "Magemena" beach ending at "Managros" beach. There are seasonal beach-bars at the beaches "Lefkathia", "Limnos", "Gonia" and "Magemena". "Limnos" beach has also two restaurants and a patisserie. There are rooms to let at the beaches of "Lefkathia", "Limnos", "Gonia" and "Managros".</p><br>
<h2>Festivals</h2><br>
<p>On 22 July is the nameday and celebration of Markella of Chios and thousands of worshipers are coming from all over the island and the country to celebrate. Holy water springs from a hole just beside the cold sea. The previous night on 21 July, a large music festival is taking place at the port of "Limia" where hundreds of young people are coming from all over the island to party.</p><br>
<p>On 28 July is the nameday and celebration of Saint Panteleon and sometimes a traditional festival takes place in the village.</p><br>
<p>On 6 August is the nameday and celebration of the Christ and a traditional festival is taking place in the village at the "Christos" square. On "Christos" square there is a church devoted to the Christ.</p><br>
<p>On 15 August is the nameday and celebration of Mary (mother of Jesus) and a traditional festival is taking place in the second square of the village, the "Pythonas" square. On "Pythonas" square there is a church devoted to Mary.</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<p>The population of the village is declining.</p><br>
<p>River Neath  is a river in south Wales running south west from its source in the Brecon Beacons National Park to its mouth at Baglan Bay below Briton Ferry on the east side of Swansea Bay.</p><br>
<p>Several minor rivers rise on the southern slopes of Fforest Fawr. These include the Afon Hepste, Afon Sychryd, Afon Pyrddin, Nedd Fechan and Afon Mellte, the latter two converging at Pontneddfechan to form the River Neath. Upstream from these confluences is the area known as Waterfall Country (Coed y Rhaeadr), where the rivers plunge over a series of spectacular cataracts.</p><br>
<p>The river flows through the Vale of Neath, a long straight valley developed along the Neath Disturbance and which carried a major glacier during the ice ages. Downstream of Pontneddfechan the river has few significant tributaries. Those that do join include the Melincwrt Brook and the Clydach Brook.</p><br>
<p>The only major tributary to join is the River Dulais which has its source north of Seven Sisters. As the Dulais nears the Neath it descends a spectacular waterfall: the Dulais Falls, a popular tourist attraction owned and managed by the National Trust and the site of old iron workings. Close by the river flows past the once grand estate of Ynysygerwn. A smaller tributary, the River Clydach, flows southward through the village of Bryn-coch to join the Neath in Neath town centre.</p><br>
<p>The River Neath provides water to two canals, the Neath Canal and the Tennant Canal. At Aberdulais basin, both canals meet, the Tennant Canal crossing the River Neath with a fine aqueduct. Also crossing the river here is the Vale of Neath Railway line and the A465 road. As it approaches the town of Neath the river passes the ancient church of Saint Illtud at Llantwit. Further on it loops around the former workhouse at Llety Nedd and skirts Penydre. Here it passes close to the Norman castle, visited by King Henry II, King John and King Edward I.</p><br>
<p>As it meanders around the town of Neath it passes the remains of the Roman fort Nidum at Court Herbert and the Cistercian abbey of Neath Abbey. Here the monks of the Middle Ages used their access to the river to challenge the trading rights of the burgesses of the town of Neath.</p><br>
<p>The estuary of the River Neath extends from Neath town down past Briton Ferry to the sea next to Jersey Marine Beach. The estuary is partly industrialised with a ship breaking yard, a large local authority waste disposal site and wharves at Melincryddan, Briton Ferry and Neath Abbey. Where it remains undisturbed, there are areas of salt marsh stretching from Neath to Baglan Bay and Crymlyn Burrows which are of great ecological value.</p><br>
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<p>Clare Island  is a mountainous island guarding the entrance to Clew Bay in County Mayo, Ireland. It is famous as the home of the pirate queen Gráinne O&#39;Malley. Approximately 145 people live there today.</p><br>
<p>Southwest of Clare Island lie the uninhabited Caher Island and the inhabited Inishturk.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Through the Middle Ages, Clare Island was part of the lands of the O Malley family. The ruins of an OMalley tower-house, known as Granuailes Castle because of its most famous resident, are close to the pier at the eastern edge of the island. Clare Island Abbey near the south coast of the island was founded by the OMalleys and contains the OMalley Tomb, a possible burial site of Gráinne OMalley. The Abbey is known for its rare medieval roof paintings. In 1588 a ship from the Spanish Armada was wrecked on Clare Island and its men were killed by the O&#39;Malleys.</p><br>
<p>A very prominent landmark of the island is the Clare Island Lighthouse, established by John Denis Browne, the 1st Marquess of Sligo, in 1806. On 29 September 1813 a fire, caused by careless disposal of the oil-lamp wicks, destroyed part of the tower and the lantern. The rebuilt light was ready in 1818. In 1834 the tower was struck by lightning. After 159 years of faithful service the lighthouse was taken out of service on 28 September 1965, replaced by the modern Achillbeg Island lighthouse on the south side of Achill Island.</p><br>
<p>Clare Island Lighthouse has been refurbished and is now an upmarket guesthouse.</p><br>
<h3>Demographics</h3><br>
<p>The table below reports data on Clare Island&#39;s population taken from Discover the Islands of Ireland (Alex Ritsema, Collins Press, 1999) and the Census of Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna and Flora</h2><br>
<p>Between 1909 and 1911, the Belfast naturalist Robert Lloyd Praeger led an exhaustive biological survey of the island, the Clare Island Survey, which was unprecedented at the time and served as a template for future studies.</p><br>
<p>A new study of the Island was made in 1990 to 2005 and the results were published in six volumes, the last of which was published in 2007. They are available for purchase from the Royal Irish Academy ( This is reputedly the only survey of its kind in Europe and is serving as a model for measuring the effects of climate change on environment.</p><br>
<h3>Algae</h3><br>
<p>Three species of freshwater red algae have been recorded from Clare Island: Batrachospermum atrum (Hudson) Harvey, B. turfosum Bory and Lemanea fucina Bory.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation and Infrastructure</h2><br>
<p>Clare Island is accessible by daily ferry services from Roonagh Pier near Louisburgh. The return trip costs €17 and a map of the island is provided with the ticket. The island has a hostel, a few bed and breakfasts and a yoga and meditation centre. Maps are available for walkers and hill-walkers. The island is also suitable for exploration by bicycle, which can be rented in Glen (beside the pier) for €10 for the day.</p><br>
<p>The island has its own primary school and a post office. Children go to the mainland for post-primary (secondary school) education. The harbour, located on the SE of the island, offers good shelter in all winds with West in them, but is totally opened to easterly winds. The piers are not suitable for yachts to come alongside, but in the summer, Mayo county council maintains a number of moorings for visiting yachts. The innter harbour dries out with a sandy bottom.</p><br>
<h2>Culture</h2><br>
<p>The island features in a song by the Irish folk-rock band, the Saw Doctors from their 1996 album, Same Oul&#39; Town. In the song, the band immortalise the island. It is described as a haven from hectic city life.</p><br>
<p>Clare Island is the setting for Bob Quinn&#39;s film "Budawanny" (1987). Bob Quinn also shot a documentary on Clare Island ("The island") in 1966.</p><br>
<p>Hvar  is a Croatian island in the Adriatic Sea, located off the Dalmatian coast, lying between the islands of Brač, Vis and Korčula. Approximately 68 km long,</p><br>
<p>with a high east-west ridge of Mesozoic limestone and dolomite, the island of Hvar is unusual in the area for having a large fertile coastal plain, and fresh water springs. Its hillsides are covered in pine forests, with vineyards, olive groves, fruit orchards and lavender fields in the agricultural areas. The climate is characterized by mild winters, and warm summers with many hours of sunshine. The island has 11,103 residents, making it the 4th most populated of the Croatian islands.</p><br>
<p>Hvar’s location at the center of the Adriatic sailing routes has long made this island an important base for commanding trade up and down the Adriatic, across to Italy and throughout the wider Mediterranean. It has been inhabited since pre-historic times, originally by a Neolithic people whose distinctive pottery gave rise to the term Hvar culture, and later by the Illyrians. The ancient Greeks founded the colony of Pharos in 384 BC on the site of today’s Stari Grad, making it one of the oldest towns in Europe. They were also responsible for setting out the agricultural field divisions of the Stari Grad Plain, now a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In medieval times, Hvar (city) rose to importance within the Venetian Empire as a major naval base. Prosperity brought culture and the arts, with one of the first public theatres in Europe, nobles’ palaces and many fine communal buildings.</p><br>
<p>The 16th century was an unsettled time, with the Hvar Rebellion, coastal raids by pirates and the Ottoman army from the mainland, resulting in some unusual fortified buildings on the northern shore to protect the local population. After a brief time under Napoleonic rule, the island became part of the Austrian Empire, a more peaceful and prosperous time. On the coast, harbours were expanded, quays built, fishing and boat building businesses grew. At the same time, the island’s wine exports increased, along with lavender and rosemary production for the French perfume industry. Unfortunately, this prosperity did not continue into the 20th century as wooden sailing boats went out of fashion, and the phylloxera blight hit wine production. Many islanders left to make a new life elsewhere.</p><br>
<p>One industry, however, has continued to grow and is now a significant contributor to the island’s economy. The formation of The Hygienic Association of Hvar in 1868 for the assistance of visitors to the island has been instrumental in developing an infrastructure of hotels, apartments, restaurants, marinas, museums, galleries and cafes. Today, the island of Hvar is a popular destination for tourists, consistently listed in the top 10 islands by Conde Nast Traveler magazine.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The island of Hvar is located in the Adriatic Sea, off the Dalmatian coast. To the north, the island of Brač lies across the Hvar Channel (Hvarski kanal), to the west is Vis, separated by the Vis Channel, and to the south Korčula lies across the Korčula Channel, while the Pelješac Peninsula is across the Neretva Channel. The eastern end of Hvar is just 6 km from the mainland. Along the southern coast of the island there are several smaller islands, notably the Paklinski islands at the western end and Šćedro island, while Zečevo island lies off the north coast.</p><br>
<h3>Landscape</h3><br>
<p>Hvar is a high east-west ridge of Mesozoic limestone and dolomite, which was part of the mainland until approximately 11,000 years ago. Around that time, sea levels rose, filling the valleys that are now the channels between the islands. Hvar has a typical karst landscape, which means limited or no surface water, despite adequate rainfall, which disappears quickly into crevices in the ground. Farming in such areas requires careful conservation of water, and protection of the soil against erosion. The water cisterns in the fields, and the dry-stone walls, especially terracing on the slopes are necessary for the continued success of agriculture on the island.</p><br>
<p>The island has a typical Mediterranean vegetation, mostly bare with woody scrub at higher, steeper elevations, turning to pine forests on the lower slopes with Holm oak (Orno-Quercetum ilicis), Aleppo pines (Pinus halapensis Mill) and Black pines (Pinus nigra dalmatica). The islet of Šćedro is especially rich in various Mediterranean trees and plants.</p><br>
<p>Hvar island is 68 km long, and only 10.5 km at its widest point. It covers an area of 297 km&sup2, the 4th largest of the Adriatic islands by area, and has a coastline length of 254.2 km. The highest peak is Sv. Nikola, at 628 m.</p><br>
<h3>Administration and population</h3><br>
<p>Hvar Island is part of Split-Dalmatia County in Dalmatia, Croatia. The island has four municipalities (općina), namely Hvar (city) (pop 4138), Stari Grad (pop 2,817), Jelsa (pop 3,656) and Sućuraj (pop 492). Population figures from 2001.</p><br>
<p>Hvar (city) is the largest town on the island (pop 3,672), for many years an independent commune and major naval base of the Venetian Empire. Hvar municipality includes the settlements of Brusje (206), Velo Grablje (21), Milna (90) and Sveta Nedilja (148).</p><br>
<p>Jelsa is a market town in the northern part of the island (pop 1,798). Jelsa municipality includes the settlements of Gdinj (119), Gromin Dolac (4), Ivan Dolac (26), Svirče (445), Pitve (81), Poljica (68), Vrboska (526), Vrisnik (215), Zastražišće (230), Zavala (144).</p><br>
<p>Stari Grad, also on the north part of the island (pop 1,906), is the site of one of the first permanent settlements on the Adriatic islands during Antiquity. Today, Stari Grad is the main seaport on the island; most visitors arrive here via car ferries from Split. Stari Grad municipality includes the settlements of Dol (348), Rudina (54), Selca (20) and Vrbanj (489).</p><br>
<p>Sućuraj is a small town on the eastern end of the island, nearest to the mainland, where a regular car ferry service connects the island with the town of Drvenik. Sućuraj municipality includes the mainly agricultural communities in the eastern part of the island.</p><br>
<h3>Climate</h3><br>
<p>The climate of Hvar is characterized by mild winters and warm summers. The yearly average air temperature is 16 &deg;C, 703 mm of precipitation fall on the town of Hvar on average every year and the town has a total of 2800 sunshine hours per year. For comparison Hvar has an average of 7.7 sunshine hours per day while Dubrovnik has 7.2. The sea temperatures average from the lowest readings in February of 14 &deg;C to their warmest during summer, when the sea temperatures usually stay between 23 &deg;C to 27 &deg;C. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Csa" (Mediterranean Climate).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first inhabitants of Hvar Island were Neolithic people who probably established trade links between Hvar and the eastern shores of the Mediterranean. The Hvar Culture lasted from 3500 to 2500 B.C. Beginning in the 4th century BC, the Greeks colonized the island. In 384 BC the Greek colonisers of Pharos defeated Iadasinoi warriors and their allies, invited by the Hvar indigenes in their resistance to the Greek colonization. Their victory over much larger forces was immortalized in one of the oldest known inscriptions of Croatia. Following Roman victory in the Second Illyrian War against Demetrius of Pharos, the island became a part of the Roman Empire in 219 BC and the Greek name Pharos was changed to Pharia. After the fall of the Roman Empire in the west, the island was under the control of the Byzantine or Eastern Roman Empire. The population increased in the Late Antiquity with an abundance of archeological finds. A large number of new villa rustica in Stari Grad Plain and also on the previously vacant eastern shores was built.</p><br>
<p>In the early Middle Ages, Slavic tribes occupied the island. In the first half of the 7th century the Narentines took over the island. Venetian sailors saw the island while sailing towards the south and were threatened by the Narentine pirates from the island. In the 11th century the island joined the Kingdom of Croatia. In the 12th century the rise of the Republic of Venice brought vines and wine cultivation which blossomed into a major industry for the island in the Middle Ages. The island eventually again fell under Byzantine rule, and then under Kingdom of Croatia and Hungary. In 1331 the Venetians put the island under protection from threats of piracy. According to the 1358 Treaty of Zadar, the island was handed over to the Kingdom of Hungary. For short time in the summer of 1390 it was held by the Bosnian king Stephen Tvrtko I. In 1409, the Republic of Venice finally again became its long-term owner. In the 16th century, an uprising occurred between the plebeians and aristocracy, the most serious of the uprising occurred between 1510 and 1514 with the Venetians ruthlessly crushing the locals and sending twenty of their leaders to the hangman. The island became prosperous from fishing, the cultivation of rosemary, lavender and olives.</p><br>
<p>Hvar is important to the history of Croatia as it was one of the centers of Croatian literature during the Renaissance, with writers such as Petar Hektorović and Hanibal Lucić. In Stari Grad, tourists can see the Petar Hektorović fortress/villa called Tvrdalj Castle, architectonically designed by the poet himself. Churches on the island contain many important paintings and artworks by famous Venetian artists, including Tintoretto, Veronese, Bellini and others. In 1797 Hvar was annexed with the fall of the Venetian Republic by the Habsburg Monarchy as per the Treaty of Campo Formio. But forces of the French Empire seized it in 1806 during the Napoleonic wars before finally being taken by British marines and sailors in 1812.</p><br>
<p>The Austrians regained control of the island in 1815 with the Treaty of Vienna. The beginning of the 20th century brought a period of relative prosperity. The Italian army occupied the island from 1918 until 1921, when Hvar with the rest of Croatia joined the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. In 1939, an autonomous Croatian Banate was formed that included the island. During WWII, it was under the control of Independent State of Croatia, but under military occupation of Fascist Italy until 1943. After 1945, it became a part of Peoples Republic of Croatia, a constituent republic of Communist Yugoslavia. Ivan Vučetić, the man who perfected dactyloscopy at the turn of the 20th century, came from Hvar island. In the 21st-century, Hvars most famous citizens are football player Igor Tudor and politician Tonči Tadić.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>Residents of Hvar mostly work in the fishing and tourism industries. Hvar has a very mild Mediterranean climate, beautiful beaches and Mediterranean vegetation that make it one of the most attractive tourist centers in Europe. The island promotes itself as "the sunniest spot in Europe", with over 2715 hours of sunlight in an average year.</p><br>
<p>Hvar town is the main tourist center. It features a large public square (St Stephen&#39;s Square/trg Sv. Stjepana) that is open to the sea. During the tourist season, the port is filled with large yachts. All-night discos attract large crowds of young visitors.</p><br>
<p>Another major economic activity is the cultivation of lavender, used for aromatic oils and soaps. Hvar is often called the "island of lavender".</p><br>
<p>Hvar is also one of the two most famous winemaking zones in Croatia. Vineyards on the southern side of the island are famous for red wines produced from the Plavac Mali grape. The central plain between Stari Grad and Jelsa is famous for its white wines.</p><br>
<h2>Names of the island</h2><br>
<p>As a Greek colony, the island was known as Pharos "lighthouse". However, during the 3rd century BC, the Greek poet Apollonius of Rhodes referred to it as Piteyeia – a name derived from the Greek word pitys, meaning pine tree. As part of the Roman province of Dalmatia, it was known as Pharia and, later, Fara.</p><br>
<p>From the 7th century onwards, the Byzantine Theme of Dalmatia, including Fara, was settled by the Pannonian Avars and Croats. However, the population initially remained culturally Illyro-Roman and part of the Byzantine Roman world. Under the linguistic influence of the newcomers, the official name became Quarra – because the Slavic languages did not originally have the f/-sound. Later, the name was Slavicised further as Hvar.</p><br>
<p>Since the late 11th century, the Italian name of the island has been Lesina or, in Venetian, Liesena. These names appear to have their origin in the Proto-Slavic root les-, meaning "wood" or "forest". Liesena was the official name during the era of Venetian Dalmatia (16th and 17th centuries).</p><br>
<p>Indian Harbour Lake is a Canadian rural community and lake of the same name located in Guysborough County Nova Scotia. It is nestled ten minutes outside of Sherbrooke , and 2.5 hours from the capital of Nova Scotia, Halifax. Seven lakes are located around Indian Harbour Lake, which are named Mitchell Lake, First Lake, Second Lake, Third Lake, Indian Harbour Lake, Monument Lake, and Archibalds Lake. Indian Harbour Lake is also located 5 minutes from the community of Port Hilfordd, which has a sand beach.</p><br>
<p>The main source of employment for people in the area is primarily forestry and fishing, but there is a restaurant located in the community as well. Over the years Indian Harbour Lake has seen the majority of its young people move to larger urban centers like Halifax or moving out to work in the Alberta Tar Sands. Though a lot of people are not giving up on the community and are still waiting for an opportunity that will bring jobs to the area.</p><br>
<p>There are two churches located in the community, an Anglican church and Pentecostal church. Both still in active service. A Community Hall,shared by Jordanville and PortHilford, is located in Indian Harbour Lake. A baseball field used to be located in the community but due to declining numbers and insurance issues it had to be torn down and replaced with a gravel pit.</p><br>
<p>Indian Harbour Lakes primary resource is tress but it also has a vast abundance of fresh water (from many different springs) and there is a possibility of gold. The surrounding areas where major gold mining centers back in the late 1800s and early 1900s, and so it is possible that Indian Harbour Lake has some gold reserves buried in the ground.</p><br>
<p>Hallin Fell is a hill in the English Lake District surrounded on three sides by Ullswater.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>The fell is a continuation of the ridge leading down from Steel Knotts, but the depression at The Hause is so profound that Hallin Fell appears totally independent in almost any view. This is born out by its status as a Marilyn, despite being diminutive amongst Lakeland fells.</p><br>
<p>Hallin Fell stands like a plug in the outlet of the Martindale valley system. The outflows of Rampsgill, Bannerdale and Boredale are deflected west around the fell, eventually finding the shore of Ullswater at Sandwick. Fusedale and the little valley above Howtown drain around the east of the fell to meet the Lake at Howtown Wyke. The southern boundaries of the fell are therefore easily defined by these watercourses and the Howtown to Sandwick road with its ferocious hairpin climb to The Hause.</p><br>
<p>The fell is circular in plan with smooth slopes to the south and west. Wainwright famously claimed that the southern side could be "ascended comfortably in bare feet". There is rougher ground on the other sides and Hallin Fells northernmost extremity — Geordies Crag — projects into the lake, separating Ullswater&#39;s middle and lower reaches.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The top is grassy with a number of small knolls and some outcropping rock. The highest point has an imposing square sectioned columnar cairn, and there are many other small cairns at other vantage points. Like many shorter hills in mountainous areas, the views from the summit are excellent, and Hallin Fell commands views across Martindale Common, High Street, Helvellyn, Blencathra and Ullswater.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>The climb from Howtown to the obelisk at the summit is short and easy, there are also multiple paths up from St Peter&#39;s Church at The Hause and from Howtown hamlet. Around the northern side of the fell is part of the popular lakeside walk from Howtown to Patterdale. This route, mainly in wooded surroundings and with some gentle scrambling over outcrops, can be combined with a trip on the Ullswater steamer to provide a fine low-level excursion.</p><br>
<p>Slieve Donard is an 850 m mountain in County Down, Northern Ireland. Part of the Mourne Mountains, it is the highest peak in Northern Ireland and in the wider province of Ulster. It is also the 19th highest peak on the island of Ireland. Slieve Donard sits near the town of Newcastle on the eastern coast of County Down, only 2 miles  from the Irish Sea.</p><br>
<p>The Mourne Wall – built in the early 20th century – runs up the western and southern slopes of the mountain, joining a small stone tower at the summit. Also on the summit are the remains of two prehistoric burial cairns, one of which is the remains of the highest known passage tomb in Ireland. In Irish mythology the mountain was associated with, and named after, the mythical figures Boirche and Slángha. It was later associated with, and named after, Saint Donard, who was said to have made the summit his hermitage. Up until the 1830s, people would climb the mountain as part of a yearly pilgrimage, which may have originally been a Lughnasadh ritual. Royal Engineers camped on the summit for four months in 1826 as part of the Ordnance Survey&#39;s Principal Triangulation.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Slieve Donard sits at the northeastern edge of the Mournes, overlooking Newcastle and Dundrum Bay. It has three subsidiary peaks on the seaward side – Millstone Mountain (460 m), Thomas&#39;s Mountain and Crossone. Two glens separate Slieve Donard from the neighbouring mountains of Slieve Commedagh (to the northwest) and Chimney Rock Mountain (to the south). Slieve Commedagh, at 767 m, is the second-highest of the Mourne Mountains.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is an easy climb although the path is very eroded at places. In recent years a stone path has been made on the steepest parts of the mountain. The summit has views of the coast, and as far afield as Belfast, 30 miles north, and Dublin, 55 miles to the south.</p><br>
<h2>History and folklore</h2><br>
<p>On the summit are the remains of two prehistoric cairns. The Great Cairn measures 36.5 metres from north to south, 43m from east to west, and 1m high. It appears to have been a Neolithic passage tomb, dating to 3300–3000 BCE. It is the highest known passage tomb in Britain and Ireland. The Lesser Cairn lies 210 metres to the northeast. It measures 18m from north to south, 16m from east to west, and 4.5m high. It appears to have been an Early Bronze Age multiple-cist cairn, dating to 2300–1950 BCE. They appear to parallel the two cairns on Slieve Gullion, which can be seen from Slieve Donard. Both the cairns have been badly damaged and altered over time.</p><br>
<p>Irish mythology identifies the Great Cairn as being the tomb or abode of mythical figures, and an entrance to the Otherworld. The earliest sources give two names for the mountain: Benn mBoirchi (modern spelling: Beann Boirche) and Sliab Slánga (modern spelling: Sliabh Slángha). Beann Boirche means "Boirches peak", referring to a mythical cowherd and king who had seemingly supernatural powers. The plural name Beanna Boirche ("Boirches peaks") was given to the Mourne Mountains. In Cath Maige Tuired ("the Battle of Moytura"), "Bennai Boirche" is called one of the "twelve chief mountains" of Ireland. The name Sliabh Slángha means "Slángha&#39;s mountain". This refers to the mythical Slángha, son of Partholón, who was said to be the first physician in Ireland. According to the Annals of the Four Masters, he died in Anno Mundi 2533 (2533 years after "the creation of the world") and was buried in the passage tomb.</p><br>
<p>Ireland was Christianized from the 5th to 8th centuries. A local Christian missionary, Saint Donard (known in Irish as Domhanghairt or Domhanghart),</p><br>
<p>became associated with the mountain. According to tradition, he was a follower of Saint Patrick and founded a monastery at Maghera, a few miles north of the mountain. Donard seems to have made the Great Cairn into a hermit&#39;s cell and used the Lesser Cairn as an oratory. In doing so, he "appropriated the mountain and the monument for Christianity". According to the Life of Saint Patrick and the Tripartite Life of Saint Patrick, Patrick blessed Donard in the womb, declaring that Donard would not die but abide inside the mountain as a perpetual guardian. According to folklore, a cave runs from the seashore to the cairn on the summit, and it is here that Donard (or Boirche) lives. The writings of Gerald de Barri indicate that in the late 12th century the name Sliabh Slángha was going out of use and being replaced by Sliabh Domhanghairt. Sliabh Dónairt is the modernised spelling.</p><br>
<p>Up until the 1830s, people made a pilgrimage to the mountaintop in late July each year. It is likely that this was originally a Lughnasadh ritual that became Christianized. The church at Maghera and St Mary&#39;s Church at Ballaghanery Upper may have been starting points for the pilgrimage.</p><br>
<p>In 1826, as part of the Principal Triangulation, Royal Engineers used Slieve Donard as a base to map Ireland. They camped on the mountaintop from late July until late November that year and used the two cairns to make triangulation points. During the Survey, two men died in a snowstorm on their way down the mountain and others were hurt during storms on the summit.</p><br>
<p>The Mourne Wall was built in the early 20th century and passes over fifteen mountains, including Slieve Donard. The wall goes up the western slope to a stone tower and then down the southern slope. It took 18 years to build, from 1904 to 1922, with stonemasons working in the mountains from March to mid-October each year. Some stones from the cairns were used to build it.</p><br>
<p>In April 2006, a man was killed on Slieve Donard after being struck by lightning. A brass plaque on the summit commemorates him.</p><br>
